• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 1999

Changes of chemico-physical properties and mturitiy during pig manure composting were analysed using three kinds of bulking agents with rice hull(T1), rice hull and extruding hull mixture (T2, 1:1, v/v), and extruding hull(T3). During composting process, temperature of T1, T2 and T3 were maintained over $50^{\circ}C$ for 31, 21, and 35 days respectively. Organic matter content of each treatment was decreased from 82.2%, 82.0%, and 82.8% to 70.5%, 68.9% and 69.7% and pH increased to 8.85, 9.91, and 8.80, respectively. Total nitrogen content of all treatments gradually decreased, but C/N ratio, phosphorous, and potassium content did not, show any changes during composting process. Both germination rate and early growth were tested using radish seeds for composting maturity. From those results, it was concluded that all treatments were stabilized after 45th day and extruding hull(T3) added compost was superior to others. The test of suppressive effect showed that all treatment have no effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria altemata, Botrytis cinerea. Compost supplemented with rice hull showed an inhibitory effect after 30th days, while compost supplemented with rice hull and extruding hull(T2) had an inhibitory effect during all period against Rhizoctonia solani. But treatment with extruding hull(T3) added compost did not have any inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani. Only 63th samples in T1 and T2 treatment showed inhibitory effect against Colletoerichum gloeosporioides. However, T3 did not. Suppressive effect of extracts from 67 kinds of composts was investigated in vitro against plant pathogens, such as Fusauum oxysporum. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeospoioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea. Thirty two of them showed inhibitory effect against more than one phytopathogen, nine against one pathogen, four against two, six against three, six against four, and seven against five.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of temperature condition on nitrogen mineralization of organic matter, distribution of microbial group by PLFA profiles, and soil microbial community in non-volcanic ash soil. Dried soil 30 g mixed well each 2 g of pellet (OFPE) organic fertilizers, pig manure compost (PMC), and food waste compost (FWC). And then had incubated at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization rate increased with increasing temperature and that was in the order of FWC>OFPE>PMC. Distribution ratio of microbial group by PLFA profiles showed that was different significantly according to incubation temperature and the type of organic matter. As incubating time passed, density of microbial group decreased gradually. The Gram-bacteria PLFA/Gram+ bacteria PLFA, Fungi PLFA/Bacteria PLFA, and Unsaturated PLFA/saturated PLFA ratios were decreased according to the increasing temperature gradually. Principal component analysis using PLFA profiles showed that microbial community structures were composed differently by temperature factor at both 75 days ($10^{\circ}C$) and 270 days ($30^{\circ}C$). In conclusion, Soil microbial community structure showed relative sensitivity and seasonal changes as affected by temperature and organic matter type.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of temperature condition on nitrogen mineralization of organic matter, distribution of microbial group by PLFA profiles, and soil microbial community structure in volcanic ash soil. Dried soil 30 g mixed well each 2 g of pellet (OFPE) organic fertilizers, pig manure compost (PMC), and food waste compost (FWC). And then had incubated at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization rate increased with increasing temperature and that was in the order of FWC>OFPE>PMC. Distribution ratio of microbial group by PLFA profiles were different significantly caused by incubation temperature and the type of organic matter. As incubating time passed, density of microbial group decreased gradually. The Gram-bacteria PLFA/Gram+ bacteria PLFA, Fungi PLFA/Bacteria PLFA, and Unsaturated PLFA/saturated PLFA ratios were decreased according to the increasing temperature gradually. But cy19:0/$18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio increased both FWC and PMC treatment. Principal component analysis using PLFA profiles showed that microbial community structure made up clearly at both 75 days ($10^{\circ}C$) and 270 days ($30^{\circ}C$) by temperature factor. As incubating time passed, microbial community structure shifted gradually.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 1997

In order to monitor the content of heavy metals of soil and vegetable in the plastic film house, five hundred and twenty two soil, and 147 vegetable samples grown under plastic film house were collected for the analysis of heavy metals. The average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in surface soil were 0.208, 3.69, 2.49, 23.3 and 0.65mg/kg, respectively. Cu and Zn contents of the soil were higher than those values measured for upland soils in 1989, however, these contents were lower than "Countermeasure values" (Cd:4, Cu:125, Pb:300, and As:15mg/kg in soil) for soil contamination indicators described in Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea(1996). The contents of Cd, Cu and Zn increased with increasing years of cultivation. The contents of Cd, Cu, and Zn in soils received pig manure compost were higher than those received the poultry or barn yard manure compost. The average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in fresh vegetable plants ranged from 0.015 to 0.047, 0.341 to 0.802, 0.080 to 0.356, 1.08 to 8.04 and 0.021 to 0.059mg/kg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.130-130
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• 2003

본 연구는 음식물찌꺼기의 재활용 방법의 일환으로 음식물 퇴비와 돈분 퇴비를 혼합, 고추 작물에 적용하여 생육 및 품질면에서 합리적인 시용량을 검증하고 토양 이화학적 특성변화 및 고추 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 실시하였다. 퇴비의 처리는 관행구(2ton/10a의 돈분 퇴비)와 음식물 퇴비 및 돈분 퇴비의 혼합구인 0.5t:1.5t, 1.0t:1.0t, 1.5t:0.5t, 2.0t:0ton/10a의 4개 처리구등 총 5개 처리구를 난괴법 3반복으로 수행하였다. 돈분 퇴비와 음식물 퇴비의 이화학적 특성을 분석한 결과 음식물 퇴비는 유기물이 기준량에 2배정도 높았으며, NaCl은 공정규격인 1%를 약 2.5배정도 초과하였다. 음식물 퇴비의 시용량 증가에 따라 토양 pH는 처리구별 특별한 변화는 없었으며, EC는 전체적으로 증가하였다. 생육기간 중 대조구와 음식물 퇴비의 처리구간 생육차이가 약간 나타났으며, 그로 인해 고추의 수량에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 음식물 퇴비 처리구에서 1ton/10a이상 일 때 시용량이 증가할수록 수확량 및 고추 개수에 있어서 감소 경향을 보였지만 수량 차이는 크지 않았다. 또한 capsaicin 함량에서도 음식물 퇴비 처리구간에 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 음식물 퇴비의 시용량에 따라 고추에 흡수되는 양분 흡수량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 음식물 퇴비를 시용한 고추 재배 시험에서 토양의 유기물 함량 증가, 물리성 개량, 토양 pH 완충력 증대 등의 효과를 보였다. 그러나 음식물 퇴비를 50%이상 돈분 퇴비와 혼합 시용시 고추의 수량이나 품질의 저하 및 토양의 염류집적의 우려가 나타났으나, 50%이하로 혼합 시용시 큰 무리는 없었다. 현재 적정 혼합비율을 구명하기 위한 연구가 진행중이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.801-807
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of consecutive application of organic matter on soil chemical properties and dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase activity in non-volcanic ash soil during three cropping season. Organic matter mixture and organic fertilizer (MOF, $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$), food waste compost (FWC, $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$), and pig manure compost (PMC, 2,000, 4,000, and $6,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) were applied for each cropping season. Soil pH values were increased after three cropping season in all treatment. In the soils of the increased application of PMC, soil pH, total-nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable cations (K, Ca, and Mg), and heavy metal (Zn and Cu) contents were increased. In addition, Soil dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased in proportions to PMC application rate and cropping season during potato cultivation period. The activity was two times higher in PMC ($4,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) than control after the third cropping season. Soil dehydrogenase activity was in order of PMC>FWC>NPK+PMC>MOF. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in PMC ($6,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) than other treatment. Soil Zn content and dehydrogenase activity showed linearly correlation, which were MOF ($R^2$=0.427), FWC ($R^2$=0.427) and PMC ($R^2$=0.411, p<0.01), respectively. This study demonstrated that soil chemical properties and enzyme activity could be affected greatly by consecutive application of different organic matter in the potato cultivation field.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 1998

Most of total nitrogen in the surface soil exists in organic forms, of which amino acid-N is the major fraction. By-product fertilizers provide soil with humic substances, and humic acid is an essential component of humus. Amino acids(AAs) are easily converted to inorganic-N forms and thus play an important role in N fertility. This experiment was conducted to investigate the contents and distributions of AAs in humic acids which were extracted from the commercial by-product fertilizers of different composting materials. Total contents of AAs in humic acids ranged from 1.2 to 5.6%, of which neutral AAs were the highest with ranges of 0.8~4.5%. AAs contents in fertilizers composted from the plant residues such as leaf litter, sawdust and bark were in an order of neutral>acidic>basic AAs. In contrast, those from animal wastes, such as poultry and pig manures, were in an order of neutral>basic>acidic AAs. Distributions of total, acidic and neutral AAs were in the respective order of leaf litter>sawdust>pig manure>poultry manure>peat, bark>sawdust>leaf litter>peat and leaf litter>sawdust>bark>peat. Distributions of the basic AAs were in the reversed order of the acidic AAs. In bark fertilizer with increasing compost maturity, contents of the acidic AAs were increased in compensation for the decreases in those of neutral and basic AAs. Results demonstrated that distributions of amino acids in humic acid of by-product fertilizers were different from composting raw materials and degrees of humification.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2008

Fungal floras were investigated for the lysimeter soil treated with municipal sewage sludge (MSS), pig manure compost (PMC), industrial sewage sludge (ISS), leather processing sludge (LS), and alcohol fermentation processing sludge (FS). Fungal populations were higher in the FS, ISS, LS, or MSS-treated soil than in the chemical fertilizer-treated soil. Isolated fungi from the sewage sludge were identified as Penicillium spp., Gliocladium spp., Acremonium spp., Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Blastomyces spp., and Phoma spp.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

This study was carried out to compare the filtration effect of anaerobic digestion waste water by compost filtration bed. Three types of filtration systems were set for filtration test following to composition of bedding materials. Two filtration systems were filled with sawdust, rice-hull and wood-chip. And the other was filled with sawdust and rice-hull. Anaerobic digestion waste water was applied evenly on the surface of the filtration bed with spraying nozzle. The concentration of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS) of anaerobic digestion waste water was decreased by filtration treatment. The total nitrogen content was decreased from 1,313 mg/L to 1,090~1,293 mg/L and BOD concentration was decreased from 529.7 mg/L to 125~162.3 mg/L, respectively. The SS content was decreased from 69~79% by filtration process. In addition, the electrical conductivity (EC) was decreased from 10.22 ds/m to 7.91~8.31 ds/m.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.413-420
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• 2015

Objective of this study was to investigate adsorption characteristics and kinetic models of $NH_4-N$ to biochar produced from rice hull in respective to mitigation of greenhouse gases. $NH_4-N$ concentration was analyzed by UV Spectrophotometer. For the experiment, the soil texture used in this study was sandy loam soil, and application rates of chemical fertilizer and pig compost were $420-200-370kgha^{-1}$ (N-P-K) and $5,500kgha^{-1}$ as recommended amount after soil test for corn cultivation. Biochar treatments were 0.2-5% to soil weight. Its adsorption characteristic was investigated with application of Langmuir isotherm, and pseudo-first order kinetic model and pseudo-second order kinetic model were used as kinetic models. Adsorption amount and removal rates of $NH_4-N$ were $39.3mg^{-1}$ and 28.0% in 0.2% biochar treatment, respectively. The sorption of $NH_4-N$ to biochar was fitted well by Langmiur model because it was observed that dimensionless constant ($R_L$) was 0.48. The maximum adsorption amount ($q_m$) and binding strength constant (b) were calculated as $4.1mgg^{-1}$ and $0.01Lmg^{-1}$ in Langmuir isotherm, respectively. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was more appropriate than pseudo-first order kinetic model for high correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of pseudo-second order kinetic model. Therefore, biochar produced from rice hull could reduce $N_2O$ by adsorbing $NH_4-N$ to biochar cooperated in sandy loam soil.