• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.276-286
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• 2002

Purpose: The concept of embarrassment as an unpleasant emotion is important in caring for those who are in the continuum of illness and health requiring body care and facing sexual problems. In spite of its nursing implication, embarrassment has not been focused in nursing research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develope a conceptual analysis of embarrassment. This analysis would help to understand comprehensively an embarrassing situation in which an intimate relationship between nurse and patient regarding body care of the patient could develope. Futhermore, it would be a basis for developing strategies for prevention of embarrassment which could lead for both patient and nurse to emotionally vulnerable situation because of their failure of self-presentation (impression management). Method: The concept analysis model suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) is used to clarify what is meant by the term 'embarrassment'. Result: This analysis defines the attributes of embarrassment such as follows. First, embarrassment is often attributed to situational factors interrupting a smooth interaction such as intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience. Second, embarrassment is closely related with cognitive factor such as fear of losing face resulted from a behaviour being out of line. Third, embarrassment is closely associated with dispositional factor such as embarrassability. Fourth, embarrassment is an unpleasant and unwanted emotion arising reactively after an interaction had occurred. Fifth, embarrassment encloses physical, physiological and behavioral aspects such as a variety of unique and easily noticeable reactions and a pattern of verbal and non-verbal behaviour for coping in an embarrassing situation. The antecedents were normally socialized adolescents with normal cognitive ability, concern of losing face, embarrassability, embarrassing events related with situational intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience, physical, behavioral blunders resulting in a failure of impression management. The consequences were an emotional coping behaviour, audience's embarrassment responses, and verbal and non-verbal coping strategies of interactional participants. Conclusion: It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate further exploration of this concept and study for developing systematic assessment and nursing practice that diminishes embarrassment of interactional participants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 1986

The aim of this study was to investigate physiological chracteristics of Lentinus edodes in Korea. We tried to detect properties of the several wood-degradative enzymes and investigate patterns of the enzyme production. A specific carbon source was used in the enzyme induction media for each enzymes, and the crude extract was used for the enzyme solution. With these enzyme solution, we investigated optimum temperature and pH conditions of their reactions. Moreover we investigated transition patterns of the enzyme production of the several wood-degrad­ative enzmes from Complex and Saw dust media for the purpose of studying the mechanisms of the wood component degradation by this fungus. It was assumed that the order of the wood com­ponent degradation was cellulose, xylan, and then pectic substances, and that the synergistic effects of these substances also influenced the degradation of wood components.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.459-465
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• 2011

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein induces transcriptions of cytokine genes including IL-2 for T-cell activation. Normally activation of NFAT is important to induce immune responses but excessive NFAT activation provokes immunopathological reactions such as autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and inflammation. Thus, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases drugs repressing the activation of NFAT have been searched. In this study, immnunosuppressive effects of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts identified as a potent NFAT inhibitor from a natural product library were examined. NFAT reporter assay, MTS assay, real time PCR, IL-2 ELISA, MLR, and FACS (Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting) were used to measure inhibitory immunocyte activities of Rosa chinensis Jacq. The variety of natural products have been screened and some were found to show inhibitory activities against the NFAT transcription factor. Among them, extract of Rosa chinensis Jacq. showed an strong inhibitory effect on the activation of NFAT without affecting cell viability. Levels of IL-2 transcripts as well as IL-2 protein were decreased with treatment of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. In addition, immunosuppressive activity of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract was exhibited in the mixed leukocytes reaction. The increasement of CD4+CD25+ (Treg) immunocyte was also detected in the analysis using FACS after applying Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. Immunosuppressive effects of the Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts were clearly demonstrated in the present study. In addition, Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract also positively affected regulatory T cell induction. Further investigations in particular on purification of single substance responsible for the immunosuppressive effects from the extract and analysis on possible actions of the extract in interfering cell signaling and cytokine production will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.702-706
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• 2008

Punica granatum (PG) evidences a variety of physiological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidative activities. Using the human basophilic KU812F cells, the inhibitory effects of the methanolic extract of PG seed, shell, and juice on calcium ionophore, A23187-induced degranulation were assessed. All of the PG extracts inhibited A23187-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels, ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, and histamine release in a dose-dependent manner. These results showed that all of the PG extracts are potent inhibitors of degranulation in allergic reactions, via the suppression of $Ca^{2+}$ influx.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 1993

This study was designed to devise work wear for plastic house worker. It was carried out (1) research on the clothing actual condition through interviewings with plastic house worker and observations, (2) thermal manikin test to measure thermal resistance of experimental clothes and (3) clothing comparing test in the laboratory and in the plastic house. In the laboratory experiment, it was choosen general type (A) and new devised types (B, C) made of microporous fabric for experimental clothes. Experimental clothes were made of 6 combinations including 3 type work wears (A, B, C) and 2 type underwears (1, 2). In the plastic house experiment, it was choosen general types of A (without rest place) and B (with rest place), and devised type C (with rest place), which was appeared good effect in the laboratory experiment. The results were as followings. 1. Work environment of the plastic house in summer and winter was very different from the outer environment. Work motion in the plastic house was burden to the plastic house workers. 2. Plastic house workers had on the general type's work wear. 3. As a result of thermal manikin test, thermal resistance was appeared B1>B2>C2>C1>A1>A2 in orders. 4. In the laboratory experiment, experimental clothes A was appeared smaller burden than B, C. Effect of mesh underwear was not appeared in this study condition. In subjective sensation, experimental clothes C was lower vote than A. Therefore experimental clothes C was superior to A in subjective wearing sensation. 5. In the plastic house experiment, the experimental conditions with rest place were appeared smaller burden than without rest place. General type B was appeared more positive physiological reactions than devised type C but significances between two types was not appeared.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.779-784
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• 2005

Mast cells are a potent source of mediators that regulate the inflammatory response in allergic reaction. To evaluate the atopic allergic effect of Asiasari radix(AR), the author investigated a possible effect of AR on mast cell-mediated allergic reaction, cytokines secretion and mRNA expression in vivo and in vitro. In mice orally administered by AR (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 g/kg) for 1 h, compound 48/80-induced ear swelling was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). AR had inhibitory effects on tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-6 secretion from HMC-1. Significant reduced levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA was observed in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) with AR (1.0 mg/ml). In addition, AR had no cytotoxic effect on cell viability. These results suggest that AR contributes to the treatment of atopic allergic reactions, and that its action may be due to inhibition of cytokine secretion and mRNA expression in HMC-1.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.123-126
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• 2002

Pollutants that are persistent, bioaccurnulative, and toxic have been linked to numerous adverse effects in human and animals, PBTs include heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in addition to pesticides. This study focuses on toxic effects of the PBTs except pesticides on insects. Eight PBTs were selected from subgroups: three heavy metals (Pb, Hg, and Cd), two PCB mixtures (Aroclor mixtures 1 and 2), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, two monophenols (4-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol), and tetrabutyltin, Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was used as test target insect species. Three physiological markers (metamorphosis, immune reaction, and follicle patency) were assessed in each exposure to different doses of the PCBs. Heat-shock proteins as molecular markers were also analyzed in response to the PCBs. All tested PBTs were toxic to metamorphosis from larvae to pupae when they were applied with diet. Two PCB mixtures were the most toxic compounds in this assay by giving significant toxicity at 0.005 ppm, while others had from 10 to 1000 ppm. Dioxin (0.1 ppb), tetrabutyltin (0.1 ppb), Pb (10 ppb), and Hg (0,01 ppb) were potent to inhibit immune reactions analyzed by inducing phenoloxidase activity and blocked phospholipase $A_2$ enzyme, Tetrabutyltin and dioxin significantly induced follicle cell patency, but their effects were lower than that of endogenous juvenile hormone, Dioxin, Pb, Hg, and Cd could induce the expression of heat shock proteins that were detected by immunoblotting against human HSP70 monoclonal antibody. HSP78 and HSP80 were upregulated in response to the PBTs. This expression was detected from the fat body and epidermis at as fast as 4h after injection. All these results clearly suggest that PBTs give significant ecotoxicity to insects that are valuable organisms in our environment.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2006

Purpose: To identify perimenstrual discomforts, coping and relief of symptoms in female workers. Methods: A convenience sample of 203 women who had worked were obtained from two hospitals in Busan. Data were collected through questionnaires from November 8 to 16, 2004. Three instruments were used in this study: the Perimenstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire and the Relief of Symptoms by Billings & Moos(1981) modified for this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was 81.3%. The total mean score for perimenstrual discomforts was 2.83 out of a possible total of 5 and the mean score for each category was, 3.08 for water retention, 2.95 for pain, 2.88 for negative affect, 2.83 for behavioral change, 2.73 for autonomic reactions, and 2.51 for concentration. According to these study results, statistical differences were found for age(F=2.76, p=0.04), feeling to menstruation(F=3.94, p=0.00), dysmenorrhea(t=4.26, p=0.00), and taking medication(t=2.09, p=0.00). The coping modes with the highest scores were 'take a hot bath'(99.0%)', 'rest and go to bed'(83.7%), 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon'(76.8%), 'take a warm shower'(65.0%). The most frequently used methods to relieve symptoms were 'rest and go to bed'(70.0%), 'take a warm shower'(57.6%), 'take pain killers'(49.8%), 'apply hot water bag on painful parts of the body'(46.8%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to understand perimenstrual discomforts and the variables associated with them. Nursing intervention has to be considered in any program aiming to reduce perimenstrual discomforts.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify menstrual discomforts and coping m adult women. The subjects were 577 adult women. aged 20 years old and over. selected by convenient sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from December 2. 2004 to December 31. 2004. Two instruments were modified and used in this study. the Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire by Billings & Moos(198l). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. t-test. and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was $85.6\%$. 2. The total mean score for menstrual discomforts was 2.82 of a possible total of 5. The mean score for each category was 3.10 for water retention. 2.93 for negative affect. 2.89 for pain. 2.74 for autonomic reactions. 2.73 for behavioral change. and 2.59 for concentration. 3. Statistical differences were found for menarche age(F=9.351. p<.00l), feeling to menstruation(F=12.376. p<.001). dysmenorrhea(t=7.3l7. p<.001). onset of dysmenorrhea (F= 12.766. p<.001). taking medication(t=6.289. p<.001). and degree of taking medication (F=12.924. p<.00l). 4. The coping modes with the highest scores were 'rest and go to the bed '$(83.3\%)$. 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon' $(68.6\%)$, and 'take a warm shower' $(64.5\%)$. We conclude that there were many women with dysmenorrhea. that the first day was the onset of menstrual discomfort. and that it differed by menarche age. feeling to menstruation. dysmenorrhea. onset of dysmenorrhea. taking medication. and degree of taking medication. Nursing intervention has to be considered in programs to reduce menstrual discomfort.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify menstrual symptoms, coping and Relief of Symptoms used by female college students. A convenience sample of 202 students were obtained from two colleges in Seoul. Data were collected through questionnaires from September 10 to December 18, 2001, Three instruments were used in this study, the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire by Park K. R(1988) and Menstrual Coping Questionnaire and Relief of Symptoms by Billings & Moos(1981) modified for this study. 1)Part time instructor, Department of Nursing, Pochon CHA University The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with the SPSS 10.0 program. The result of this study are as follows. 1. Prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was 91.6%. 2. The total mean score for menstrual symptoms was 1.89 of a possible total of 5 and mean score for each category was, 2.26 for water retention, 2.11 for negative affect, 2.02 for pain, 1.83 behavioral change, 1.69 for autonomic reactions, and 1.53 for concentration. 3. According to the result of this study, statistical differences were found for age (F=3.76, p=0.01), menstrual fear (t=2.02, p=0.04), dysmenorrhea (t=7.73, p=0.02), and taking medication (t=5.95, p=0.00). 4. The coping mode with the highest scores were 'rest and go to bed (83.7%)', 'regard mensturation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon (68.3%)', 'take a warm shower(66.8%)'. The most frequently used methods to relief of symptoms were 'take pain killers (99.9%)', 'to apply hot water bag on painful parts of the body (96.6%)' and 'rest and go to bed (88.8%)'.