• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권1호통권129호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2005

플라스틱 가소제로 사용되고 있는 프탈레이트류(phthalate esters)의 백색부후균에 의한 분해 특성을 확인하기 위해 본 연구에서는 프탈레이트 제조에 사용되고 있는 전구체로서 프탈산(phthalic acid)의 분해를 Polyporus brumalis를 이용하여 확인하였다. 프탈산(phthalic acid) 50 ppm을 액상 배지에 처리하고 균체에 의한 프탈산의 감소율을 확인한 결과, 배양 4일 후부터 감소하기 시작하여 배양 24일에는 배지 내에서 검출되지 않아 완전히 분해되었음을 확인하였고, 배양 기간 동안 리그닌 분해 효소 활성 변화는 배양 10일 후부터 대조구에 비해 프탈산 처리구의 효소 활성이 저조하게 나타남을 확인하였다. Esterase의 경우에는 대조구에서 보여지는 효소 활성 변화와는 달리 배양 10일 이후에 지속적으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 영양원으로 사용된 glucose는 배양 6일 째까지는 대조구와 프탈산 처리구간에 감소율이 유사하였으나, 이후 배양 시간이 연장됨에 따라 배지 내에서 급격하게 감소하는 것을 확인하여 대조구에 비해 프탈산 처리구가 glucose 소모율이 낮았다. 이는 프탈산이 균체에 흡수된 후에 대사작용에 이용되기 때문이라 사료된다. 또한, 균체외 효소에 의한 프탈산의 화학적 구조변화를 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석한 결과 반응 12시간 이내에 무수프탈산으로 탈수 반응이 급격히 진행되는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2001

공업지역이 밀집한 수도권을 포함하고 있는 경기도의 하천을 대상으로 생화학적 산소요구량이 20ppm 이상으로 오염도가 높은 하천 4개 지역과 2ppm 이하로 비교적 청정한 3개 지역의 토양에서 terephthalic acid를 탄소원으로 생육하는 11개 균주를 분리하였다. 이들 균주들 중, 최적 생장온도와 최대 분해활성을 나타내는 온도가 일치하지 않는 균주도 존재하였지만 대부분은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 최적 생장을 나타냈다. Phthalic acid 이성질체를 탄소원으로한 고체배지에서의 생장과 액체배지에서의 이성질체 분해능력을 비교한 결과, 분리균들은 대체로 한 개 또는 두 개의 phthalic acid 이성질체를 이용하여 생장하는 것으로 나타났고, 오염도가 높은 지역에서 분리된 균들의 phthalic acid 이성질체 분해활성이 오염도가 낮은 지역에서 분리된 균들에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.432-438
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• 2007

Environmentally important phthalic esters have been analyzed by GC-MS in terms of individual phthalic esters or total phthalic esters directly or after derivatization. Derivatization improves the chromatographic characteristics of the highly polar phthalic esters. This study focused on the GC-MS determination of the total phthalic esters and the individual phthalic esters simultaneously. The phthalic esters were hydrolyzed to phthalate and corresponding alcohols in 1 M NaOH solution at 90 oC for 30 min followed by extraction with ethyl acetate after acidifcation. The phthalic acid and alcohols were simultaneously silyl derivatized using bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) to their corresponding silyl ester and ethers in the mixture of 60% acetone and 40% ethyl acetate at room temperature within 30 min. Because of the high reactivity of BSTFA with the phthalic acid and alcohols effective silyl derivatization was possible simultaneously. GC-MS analysis of the silyl derivatives of phthalic acid and alcohols was performed. The total phthalic ester content was estimated from the analytical result of phthalic silyl ester, while the individual phthalic ester was quantified from the analytical results of alcoholic silyl ethers. This technique was applied to spiked tab water and real seawater samples from the Lake Shihwa in Korea. The results were checked against the results from the direct GC-MS analysis of the phthalic esters and reasonable recoveries with high sensitivity were achieved. The recoveries were higher than 75% with low relative standard deviation (below 10%).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2003

경기도 내의 7개 하천 토양으로부터 terephthalic acid를 분해, 대사하는 미생물 11개 균주를 분리하고, 이들의 phthalic acid 이성질체 분해활성을 비교한 결과, 오염도가 높은 4개 지역에서 분리된 균들의 phthalic acid 이성질체 분해활성이 오염도가 낮은 3개 지역에서 분리된 균들에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 분리된 균주들 중, 높은 terephthalic acid 분해활성을 보유하고 2개의 phthalic acid 이성질체의 분해가 가능한 4균주의 165 rDNA 부분 염기서열결정을 통하여 국내 토양에서 생육하고 있는 phthalic acid이성질체 분해미생물 중 많은 수가 C. testosteroni인 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 결과에 근거하여 토양 중 C. testosteroni의 특이적 검출에 의한 phthalic acid 이성질체에 의한 토양오염의 모니터링 가능성을 검토하였다. C. testosteroni 특이적 PCR primer를 구축하고 토양으로부터 직접 추출한 DNA를 template로 PCR을 수행한 결과, 각 하천 주변 4 g의 토양으로부터 관찰 가능한 정도의 PCR산물을 얻을 수 있었다. 증폭된 PCR산물의 양은 굴포천＞안양천＞황구지천＞신천＞흑천＞북한강＞가평천의 순으로 청정지역에서 보다 오염지역의 토양에서 C. testosteroni가 많이 생육하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 각 지역의 토양에 존재하는 terephthalic acid 분해균의 생균수 또한 PCR에 의한 C. testosteroni의 검출과 동일한 양상으로 나타났다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.64-70
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• 1996

Wool yarns were treated in dimethylformamide solutions containing various concntrations of three dibasic acid anhydrides: succinic, itaconic, and phthalic arthydrides in various conditions. The structurl aspects of these dibasic acid anhydries are different: succinic, itaconic, and phthalic acid arthydrides have saturated aliphatic ethylene, unsaturated aliphatic vinyl and aromatic phenyl one groups, respectively. The properties of acylated wool keratin are as follows: Decreasing amino group and increasing carboxyl group by acylation lowered the hydrophilic property, and then moisture regain, and decreased acid dye uptake and enhanced cationic dye uptake of wool keratin. In the case of phthalic acid anhydries, in spite of lowest acyl content, the minimum of moisture regain was resulted from the bulk benzen ring, occuping much more voids on wool keratin molecules than other reagents. Acid solubility was increased by the decrease of amino group and hydrogen bonding by acylation. Alkali solubility was also increased formation of new amide group on the side chain of keratin, which can be degraded easily by alkali. In the case of phthalic acid anhydride, the relative high solubility was resulted from the much higher molecular weight of dissolved fractions. The surface of wool keratin was not damaged by treatment with any acylating agent.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1995

Wool yarns were treated in dimethylformamide solutions containing various concentrations of three dibasic acid anhydrides : succinic, itaconic, and phthalic anhydrides in various conditions. The structural aspects of these dibasic acid anhydrides are different : the succinic, itaconic, and phthalic acid anhydrides have saturated aliphatic etylene, unsaturated aliphatic vinyl and aromatic phenyl groups, respectively. The reaction mechanism of the acylation of wool keratin and some resction conditions were invastigated. And the results are as follows. 1. The N-acylation and formation of free carboxyl group were dominant rather than the O-acylation cross-linked on the side chain of polypeptide. The acylation of wool keratin is easier than that of silk fibroin. 2. The higher molecular weight, steric hinderance and resonance caused lower acylating reactivity. By the determination of acyl contents for acylated keratin, it was rerealed that the degree of acylation was succinic acid anhydride > itaconic acid anhhydride > phthalic acid anhydride.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2011

There has been growing concern about the toxicity of phthalate esters. Phthalate esters are being used widely for the production of perfume, nail varnish, hairsprays and other personal/cosmetic uses. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. The parent phthalate is rapidly metabolized to its monoester (the active metabolite) and also glucuronidated, then excreted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of phthalic acid (PA), which is the final common metabolic form of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The individual PA isomers are extensively employed in the synthesis of synthetic agents, for example isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA), which have very broad applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester fiber, film and fabricated items. There is a broad potential for exposure by industrial workers during the manufacturing process and by the general public (via vehicle exhausts, consumer products, etc). This review suggests that PA shows in vitro and in vivo toxicity (mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc.). In addition, PA seems to be a useful biomarker for multiple exposure to PAEs in humans.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2005

Kinetic study on the cleavage of N-methylphthalamic acid (NMPA) in mixed acidic aqueous-acetonitrile solvent reveals the formation of both phthalic anhydride (PAn) (through O-cyclization) and N-methylphthalimide (NMPT) (through N-cyclization). The formation of NMPT varies from $\sim$20% to $\sim$3% with the increase in the content of acetonitrile from 2 to 70% v/v. Pseudo first-order rate constants for the formation of PAn are more than 4-fold larger than those for the formation of NMPT at 2% v/v $CH_3CN$ in mixed aqueous solvents. Pseudo first-order rate constants for alkaline hydrolysis of NMPT reveal a nonlinear decrease with increase in the content of $CH_3CN$ in mixed aqueous solvents.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.744-748
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• 2010

Fluoroquinolone 항생제의 중요한 중간체인 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoic acid를 tetrachloride phthalic anhydride에서 출발 하여 imidation, fluorination, hydrolysis과 decarboxylation단계를 거쳐서 합성하였다. Imdation 단계에서는 상전이 촉매를 이용하여 98.2%의 수율로 합성하였으며, fluorination 단계에서는 81.3%, 가수분해 단계에서는 88.6%, 마지막으로 decarboxylation단계에서는 81.6%의 수율로 합성하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2009

Saturated n-dicarboxylic acids ($C_2-C_7$, $C_9$), unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic, fumaric, phthalic acid), ketocarboxylic acids (pyruvic, glyoxylic acid), and dicarbonyls (glyoxal, methylglyoxal) were determined in size-segregated samples with a high-volume Andersen air sampler at a suburban site in Saitama, Japan, May 12-17 and July 24-27, 2007 and January 22-31, 2008. The seasonal average concentrations of these detected organic acids were 670 $ng/m^3$, accounting for about 4.4-5.7% (C/C) of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 2.3-3.6% (C/C) of organic carbon (OC). The most abundant species of dicarboxylic acids was oxalic acid, followed by malonic, phthalic, or succinic acids. Glyoxylic acid and methyglyoxal were most abundant ketocarboxylic acid and dicarbonyl, respectively. Seasonal differences, size-segregated concentrations, and the correlations of these acids with ambient temperatures, oxidants, elemental carbon (EC), OC, WSOC, and ionic components were also discussed in terms of their corresponding sources and possible secondary formation pathways. The results suggested that photochemical reactions contributed more to the formation of particulate organic acids in Saitama suburban areas than did direct emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. However, direct emissions of vehicles were also important sources of several organic acids in particles, such as phthalic and adipic acids, especially in winter.