• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.169-172
• /
• 2005

The phase sensitivity of the coincidence detection in one output port of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is analysed for twin Fock state inputs. Firstly, the ideal detectors with quantum efficiency of unity are assumed for the detection of the output photons. The sensitivity is found out to be independent of the photon number of input light, which means that the Heisenberg limit cannot be reached in the coincidence detection even with ideal detectors. Secondly, the practical detectors with quantum efficiencies less than unity are discussed.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.225-225
• /
• 2013

Nanostructured noble metals have been attractive for their unusual optical properties and are widely utilized for various purposes. The optical properties mainly originating from collective electron oscillation can assist direct energy conversion via surface plasmon resonances. Here, we investigated the effect of surface plasmons of silver nanowires on the generation of hot electrons. It is reported that the surface plasmons of silver nanowires exhibit longitudinal and transverse modes, depending on the aspect ratio of the nanowires. In order to measure the hot electron flow through the metallic nanowires, chemically modified Au/TiO2 Schottky diodes were employed as the electric contact. The silver nanowires were deposited on a Au metal layer via the spray method to control uniformity and the amount of silver nanowire deposited. We measured the hot electron flow generated by photon absorption on the silver nanowires deposited on the Au/TiO2 Schottky diodes. The incident photon-to-current efficiency was measured a function of the photon energy, revealing two polarization modes of siliver nanowires: transverse and longitudinal modes. UV-Vis spectra exhibited two polarization modes, which are also consistent with the photocurrent measurements. Good correlation between the IPCE and UV-vis measurements suggests that hot electron measurement on nanowires on nanodiodes is a useful way to reveal the intrinsic properties of surface plasmons of nanowires.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.176-183
• /
• 2013

본 논문에서는 3차원 영상 획득을 위한 LADAR(LAser Detection And Ranging)용 광수신기 모듈을 설계-제작하고 측정한 결과를 보고한다. 광수신기 모듈은 1 km 이상의 거리에서도 신호를 측정할 수 있도록 디지털모드(Geiger Mode)에서 동작하는 InGaAs APD(Avalanche Photodiode)로 설계하였으며, $16{\pm}16$ FPA(Focal Plane Array)로 설계-제작하였다. 디지털모드(Geiger Mode)는 항복전압 이상의 영역에서 동작하여 작은 광에 대해 반응 할 수 있게 큰 증폭률을 가지게 된다. 1ns의 FWHM(Full Width at Half Maximum)을 갖는 펄스를 수광할 수 있고, 배열 크기는 $16{\pm}16$, Geiger Mode 동작 등의 특성을 만족하도록 광수신기를 구성하기 위해 ROIC(Read Out Integrated Circuit)를 자체적으로 설계-제작하였다. 제작된 광수신기 모듈은 원거리 표적정보 획득이 가능하며, PDE(Photon Detection Efficiency)는 28%, DCR(Dark Count Rate)은 140 kHz 이하의 특성을 보였으며, LADAR 시스템에서 3차원 영상을 획득하였다. 이는 $16{\pm}16$ FPA APD를 이용한 광수신기에서 가장 우수한 특성을 나타낸 것이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제41권5호
• /
• pp.723-728
• /
• 2009

The response property of the CZT detector ($5{\times}5{\times}5\;mm^3$), widely used in photon spectroscopy, was evaluated by considering the charge collection efficiency, which depends on the interaction position of incident radiation, A quantitative analysis of the energy spectra obtained from the CZT detector was also performed to investigate the tail effect at the low energy side of the full energy peak. The collection efficiency of electrons and holes to the two electrodes (i.e., cathode and anode) was calculated from the Hecht equation, and radiation transport analysis was performed by two Monte Carlo codes, Geant4 and MCNPX. The radiation source was assumed to be 59.5 keV gamma rays emitted from a $^{241}Am$ source into the cathode surface of this detector, and the detector was assumed to be biased to 500 V between the two electrodes. Through the comparison of the results between the Geant4 calculation considering the charge collection efficiency and the ideal case from MCNPX, an pronounced difference of 4 keV was found in the full energy peak position. The tail effect at the low energy side of the full energy peak was confirmed to be caused by the collection efficiency of electrons and holes. In more detail, it was shown that the tail height caused by the charge collection efficiency went up to 1000 times the pulse height in the same energy bin at the calculation without considering the charge collection efficiency. It is, therefore, apparent that research considering the charge collection efficiency is necessary in order to properly analyze the characteristics of CZT detectors.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권10호
• /
• pp.3795-3802
• /
• 2022

NaI(Tl) scintillation materials are considered to be one of many materials that are used exclusively for γ-ray detection and spectroscopy. The gamma-ray spectrometer is not an easy-to-use device, and the accuracy of the numerical values must be carefully checked based on the rules of the calibration technique. Therefore, accurate information about the detection system and its effectiveness is of greater importance. The purpose of this study is to estimate, using an analytical-numerical formula (ANF), the purely geometric solid angle, geometric efficiency, and total efficiency of a cylindrical NaI(Tl) γ-ray detector with a side-through hole. This type of detector is ideal for scanning fuel rods and pipelines, as well as for performing radio-immunoassays. The study included the calculation of the complex solid angle, in combination with the use of various points like gamma sources, located axially and non-axially inside the through detector side hole, which can be applied in a hypothetical method for calibrating the facility. An extended γ-ray energy range, the detector, source dimensions, "source-to-detector" geometry inside the side-through hole, path lengths of γ-quanta photons crossing the facility, besides the photon average path length inside the detector medium itself, were studied and considered. This study is very important for an expanded future article where the radioactive point source can be replaced by a volume source located inside the side-trough hole of the detector, or by a radioactive pipeline passing through the well. The results provide a good and useful approach to a new generation of detectors that can be used for low-level radiation that needs to be measured efficiently.

• 전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제52권2호
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2015

연구에서는 진단 및 수술 후 잔여병소의 검출을 위하여 방사선계수 방식의 무선 감마선 프로브를 개발하고, 교정선원과 팬텀을 이용하여 그 유용성을 평가 하였다. 반도체기반 방사선센서를 사용하여 프로브 설계 및 소형화 하였으며, 블루투스 원격통신 모듈을 사용하여 진단 및 검출 시스템의 무선화를 구현하였다. 또한 진단 및 수술 시 환부의 모니터링이 가능한 원격모니터링 시스템을 구현하였다. 개발된 프로브의 유용성 평가를 위해 교정선원 $^{57}Co$, $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, $^{137}Cs$과 닭 가슴살 팬텀을 사용하였다. 평가를 통해 감마선에 대한 프로브의 검출 반응성을 확인하였고, 감마선 세기에 따른 응답 선형성과 검출 방향성, 팬텀 내 선원 깊이에 따른 프로브의 검출효율을 평가를 통해 실증적인 임상에서의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
• /
• pp.411-414
• /
• 2002

The CdTe semiconductor detector has a higher detection efficiency for x-rays and $\square$amma rays and a wider energy band gap compared with Si and Ge semiconductor detectors. Therefore, the size of the detector element can be made small, and can be operated at room temperature. The interaction between a CdTe detector and incident x-rays is mainly photoelectric absorption in the photon energy range of up to 100 keV. In this energy range, Compton effects are almost negligible. We have developed a 256 channel CdTe array detector system for monochromatic x-ray CT using synchrotron radiation. The CdTe array detector system, the element size of which is 1.98 mm (h) x 1.98 mm (w) x 0.5 mm (t), was operated in photon counting mode. In order to improve the spatial resolution, we tilted the CdTe array detector against the incident parallel monochromatic x-ray beam. The experiments were performed at the BL20B2 experimental hutch in SPring-8. The energy of incident monochromatic x-rays was set at 55 keV. Phantom measurements were performed at the detector angle of 0, 30 and 45 degrees against the incident parallel monochromatic x-rays. The linear attenuation coefficients were calculated from the reconstructed CT images. By increasing the detector angle, the spatial resolutions were improved. There was no significant difference between the linear attenuation coefficients which were corrected by the detector angle. It was found that this method was useful for improving the spatial resolution in a parallel monochromatic x-ray CT system.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2003

유방암 진단에 필요한 감마카메라 검출전단부의 최적변수 유도와 유방암 진단조건 하에서의 평가를 위한 몬테카를로 모사를 수행하였다. 모사를 위해 픽셀화된 포토센서에 상응하는 $3mm{\times}3mm$의 구멍과 0.25 mm의 격막두께를 갖는 격자배열구조의 텅스텐 콜리메이터를 이용하였다. 최적변수를 도출하기 위해 검출전단부의 구성 요소를 변화시키면서 기하효율과 공간분해 능의 Trade-Offs 절차를 사용하였다. 최적화된 검출전단부의 사전 성능평가를 위해, 펜텀의 중앙부에 크기가 각기 다르며 콜리메이터 표면으로부터 25 mm 떨어져 있는 유방암이 있고 다른 장기들로부터 나오는 방사선원에 의한 백그라운드 계수를 고려하였다. 유방암의 실제 진단 조건 하에서는 최적화된 검출전단부의 성능이 유방암의 크기와 백그라운드 계수에 따라 저하될 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 따라서 유방암 크기를 변별하는 지표로 쓰이며 검출전단부의 특성에 종속적인 공간분해 능은 유방암의 조기 진단시에는 의미가 없다는 결론을 얻었다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2006

PET scanner는 양전자의 소멸복사에 의한 511 Kev의 감마선을 검출한다. multi ring detector에서 선원과 검출기사이의 기하학적 위치에 따른 감마선 검출에 대한 균등성(uniformity)을 검토 분석하였다. 감마선원과 검출기의 배열위치에 따른 이론적 검토와 일정한 크기의 phantom 내에서 방출되는 감마선을 2차원적으로 preset count하고, 검출기의 위치에 따라 평균계수치에 대한 편차율의 분포를 통하여 그 균등성을 비교 분석하였다. 1 bed data를 얻을 수 있는 47개의 검출기군으로 분류하고, 각 검출기군의 위치에 따른 편차율을 비교분석한 결과, 산란선과 산란되지 않은 모든 방사선량의 분포가 많은 중심군인 3번째부터 45번째까지에서는 평균편차의 비율이 $0.1{\sim}0.7%$로 비교적 균등도가 높게 나타났으나, 주변부에서는 편차율의 분포가 $1.1{\sim}5.2%$의 차이를 나타내고 있어, 주변부에서의 균등성이 중심부보다 감소되었다. 이것은 검출기 위치에 따른 계수율의 차이에 대한 이론적 근거와 일치하고 있으며, 감도를 알기위한 계수측정 부분에서도 중심부와 주변부와의 차이가 크게 다르게 나타났다. 이와같은 불균등성을 감소시키기 위하여 선원으로부터 모든 검출기 유효시야(UFOV) 내에서 충분한 방사능이 검출될 수 있도록 하는 우선적 조치가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
• /
• pp.328-328
• /
• 2007

Large area matrix-addressed image detectors are a recent technology for x-ray imaging with medical diagnostic and other applications. The imaging properties of x-ray pixel detectors depend on the quantum efficiency of x-rays, the generated signal of each x-ray photon and the distribution of the generated signal between pixels. In a phosphor coated detector the light signal is generated by electrons captured in the phosphor screen. In our study we simulated the lateral spread distributions for phosphor coupled detector by Monte Carlo simulations. Most simulations of such detectors simplify the setup by only taking the conversion layer into account neglecting behind. The Monte Carlo code MCNPX has been used to simulate the complete interaction and subsequent charge transport of x-ray radiation. This has allowed the analysis of charge sharing between pixel elements as an important limited factor of digital x-ray imaging system. The parameters are determined by lateral distribution of x-ray photons and x-ray induced electrons. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a design tool for the evaluation of geometry factor in the phosphor coupled optical imaging detector. In order to evaluate the spatial resolution for different phosphor material, phosphor geometry we have developed a simulation code. The developed code calculates the energy absorption and spatial distribution based on both the signal from the scintillating layer and the signal from direct detection of x-ray in the detector. We show that internal scattering contributes to the so-called spatial resolution drop of the image detector. Results from the simulation of spatial distribution in a phosphor pixel detector are presented. The spatial resolution can be increased by optimizing pixel size and phosphor thickness.