• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.740-752
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• 2023

Objective: Dietary phytase increases bioavailability of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) in pig nutrition affecting dietary calcium (Ca) to P ratio, intestinal uptake, and systemic utilization of both minerals, which may contribute to improper bone mineralization. We used phytase to assess long-term effects of two dietary available P (aP) levels using a one-phase feeding system on gene expression related to Ca and P homeostasis along the intestinal tract and in the kidney, short-chain fatty acids in stomach, cecum, and colon, serum, and bone parameters in growing gilts and barrows. Methods: Growing pigs (37.9±6.2 kg) had either free access to a diet without (Con; 75 gilts and 69 barrows) or with phytase (650 phytase units; n = 72/diet) for 56 days. Samples of blood, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosa and digesta, kidney, and metacarpal bones were collected from 24 pigs (6 gilts and 6 barrows per diet). Results: Phytase decreased daily feed intake and average daily gain, whereas aP intake increased with phytase versus Con diet (p<0.05). Gilts had higher colonic expression of TRPV5, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN and renal expression of TRPV5 and SLC34A3 compared to barrows (p<0.05). Phytase increased duodenal expression of TRPV5, TRPV6, CALB1, PMCA1b, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, phytase increased expression of SCL34A2 in cecum and of FGF23 and CLDN4 in colon compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Alongside, phytase decreased gastric propionate, cecal valerate, and colonic caproate versus Con diet (p<0.05). Phytase reduced cortical wall thickness and index of metacarpal bones (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gene expression results suggested an intestinal adaptation to increased dietary aP amount by increasing duodenal trans- and paracellular Ca absorption to balance the systemically available Ca and P levels, whereas no adaption of relevant gene expression in kidney occurred. Greater average daily gain in barrows related to higher feed intake.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.533-534
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• 2010

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.849-856
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• 2009

In this study, dietary supplementations of Korean Meju, fermented soybean meal (F-SBM) by Aspergillus oryzae, and A. oryzae itself were evaluated on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses and phosphorus availability in juvenile parrot fish, a marine aquaculture fish species. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 8% soybean meal (control diet), 4% Meju (50% soybean meal was replaced by Meju), 4% F-SBM (50% soybean meal was replaced by F-SBM), or 0.08% A. oryzae itself. One of the four experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were found in growth performances and feed utilization. Red blood cell counts in the fish fed the A. oryzae diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The antioxidant activity in Meju diet was significantly higher than that of the control and A. oryzae diets. Fish fed Meju and F-SBM diets showed numerically higher antioxidant activity of serum compared to that of fish fed the control diet, even though it was not significant. Liver superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the test diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein of fish fed all the diets were not significantly different. Phosphorus absorption was numerically increased in fish fed F-SBM and A. oryzae diets compared to that of fish fed the control diet. This study indicates that the fermentation process of soybean meal does not impair growth performance and feed utilization in parrot fish. The fermentation process could enhance the availability of phosphorus in soybean meal and non-specific immune responses of parrot fish.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.825-833
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary fiber, which from whole food on the serum lipid level and bowel function in rats. The fiber sources of experimental diets were prepared by drying and milling of small water dropwort(WD), mugwort(MW), butterbur(BB) and apple(AP). Each fiber sources was mixed at the 15% level of the diet. The level of dietary fiber in WD, MW, BB diets was similar but that in AP diet was slightly low. Male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were blocked into 5 groups ; WD, MW, BB, AP, FF(fiber free). The animals were fed ad libitum each of experimental diets for 37 days. Food intake of AP and FF groups were than other groups, FF group was lower than other grous in food efficiency ratio. MW group showed highest level in fecal weight and fecal water content and group has the longest transit time compare to other groups. Serum triglyceride level was not significantly different among groups. BB group showed the lowest level in the serum total cholesterol. WD and MW groups showed slightly higher level in the serum HDL cholesterol than other groups. Mucosa weight was not significantly different among groups. The activity of maltase in mucosa of small intestine was highest in FF groups. Absorption rates of calcium were not significantly different among groups. Absorption rate of magnesium was higher in FF group compare to others. And, absorption rates of phosphorus in MW and FF groups were slightly lower than other groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.516-530
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• 1989

A 44-day metabolic study was conducted to compare the effects of soy protein and meat protein on N, Ca, P, and Mg metabolism in young Korean males. Meat protein diet(MPD) and soy protin diet(SPD) were provided for 3 weeks each. For MPD, meat protein Supplied 50.3% of total protein and mean daily suplies of Ca, P, and Mg were 33.28mg, 1013.01mg, 226.81mg respectively. For SPD, soy protein supplied 51.8% of total protein and mean contents of Ca, P and Mg were 737.86mg, 1261.76mg, and 451.3mg. Mean daily fecal and urinary excretions of Ca were 350.6mg and 113.3mg for MPD and 515.0mg and 118.3mg for SPD. Apparent absorption rates in MPD and SPD were 4.2mg in MPD and 700.4mg and 475.1mg SPD. Apparent absorption rates were 65.6% in MPD and 44.5% in SPD(p<0.01). For Mg, fecal and urinary excretions were 144.8mg and 81.2mg in MPD and 292.4mg and 65.5mg in SPD. Apparent absorption rates were 37.5% in MPD and 35.2% in SPD. The correlations between urinary Ca, P, and their balance were significant (p<0.001) in MPD, but not in SPD. Urinary Ca was significantly correlated with urinary N, P, Mg(p<0.001) in MPD, but not in SPD. From these results, meat protein seems to increase the excretions of major minerals compared to soy protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are minerals that have important physiological functions in the body. For formulation of diets for pigs, it is necessary to consider an appropriate Ca:P ratio for an adequate absorption and utilization of both minerals. Although both minerals are important, much more research has been conducted on P digestibility than on Ca digestibility. Therefore, this review focuses on aspects that are important for the digestibility of Ca. Only values for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca have been reported in pigs, whereas values for both ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in feed ingredients have been reported. To be able to determine STTD values for Ca it is necessary to determine basal endogenous losses of Ca. Although most Ca is absorbed in the small intestine, there are indications that Ca may also be absorbed in the colon under some circumstances, but more research to verify the extent of Ca absorption in different parts of the intestinal tract is needed. Most P in plant ingredients is usually bound to phytate. Therefore, plant ingredients have low digestibility of P due to a lack of phytase secretion by pigs. During the last 2 decades, inclusion of microbial phytase in swine diets has improved P digestibility. However, it has been reported that a high inclusion of Ca reduces the efficacy of microbial phytase. It is possible that formation of insoluble calcium-phytate complexes, or Ca-P complexes, not only may affect the efficacy of phytase, but also the digestibility of P and Ca. Therefore, Ca, P, phytate, and phytase interactions are aspects that need to be considered in Ca digestibility studies.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

In order to obtain necessary data for the use of hydrophytes to improve water quality of artificial lakes, production and nutrients absorption by some macrohydrophytes were investigated in a small water course at Woongcheon, Chungnam Province. The maximum above-ground standing biomass of Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia stand were 3,504 g/m$x^2$, 2,834 g/m$x^2$ and 3,125 g/m$x^2$, respectively. Estimated below-ground standing biomass of each stand were 9,671 g/m$x^2$,5,158 g/m$x^2$ and 5,813 g/m$x^2$, respectively. Concentration of nutrients in each organ was different among plant species. Maximum amount of standing nitrogen was the highest in the reed stand and that of standing phosphorus was the highest in the cattail stand. Amount of maximum standing nutrients are 2795.6 kgN/ha and 42.5 kgP/ha for the reed stand, 1,413 kg N/ha and 24.8 kgP/ha for the cattail stand and 1.901.1 kgN/ha and 38.4 kgP/ha for the wild rice stand, respectively. According to our investigation, it is concluded that reed, cattail and wild rice are suitable for water quality improvement of artificial lakes through nutrients absorption.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2017

This study was conducted to establish the type and method of fertilization for no-tillage during the third year of No-tillage (NT) and Conventional-tillage (CT) practices, towards different kinds of fertilizers. In this experiment, the livestock manure showed higher in response to fertilizer effects of no-tillage. Comparing growth characteristics and yield in NT and CT. Regarding yield, there is no significant between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, but between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in conventional fertilization has significant differences. Based on the result, livestock fertilizer is effective way on the quantity of the crop. Nitrogen absorption of plant in livestock of no-tillage is more effective than conventional fertilization. In case of the phosphorus absorption and potassium absorption of plant, fertilizer effect has no significant. Nitrogen is highly absorbed in livestock fertilization of NT. Absorption of phosphorus and potassium are similar.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to increase the available constituents contents of Angelica gigas Nakai and to decide the application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The effects of the amounts of their application and absorption on the contents of decursin and sugar in Angelicae gigantis Redix were studied. The decursin contents of root was decreased with increasing the application amount of nitrogen more than 10kg/10a, and increased along with the increasing application level until 20kg/10a and 15kg/10a of phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The decursin yield per 10a was increased with increasing application level until 10kg/10a, 10kg/10a and 10kg/10a of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The decursin yield per l0a was decreased with increasing application level more than 20kg/10a of nitrogen. The total sugar yield per 10a was increased with increasing the application level until 15kg/10a, 10kg/10a of nitrogen and potassium respectively. But the effect of phosphorus application on the total sugar yield was not observed. The significant negative correlation was obtained between the decursin contents and the nitrogen contents of root$(r=-0.437^{\ast})$, and the significant positive correlation between the decursin contents and the contents of phosphorus$(r=0.587^{{\ast}{\ast}})$ or potassium$(r=0.467^{\ast})$ in root. But the significant correlations between the decursin contents and the their contents of shoots were not observed. It is recommended for decursin production to apply 10kg/10a, 15kg/10a and 10kg/10a of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.562-573
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• 1998

The symbiotic activities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by analyzing spore density, symbiosis intensity and vertical distribution of AMF spores, phytomasses of higher plants such as Calamagrostis epigeios, Imperata cylindrica, Artemisia scoparia, Aster tripolium and Sonchus brachyotus, and physico-chemical properties of soil were determined in the rhizospheres of higher plants in abandoned two coastal reclaimed lands, which were constructed in 12 and 30 years ago, respectively. Vertical distribution of the AMF spores in the rhizospheres of higher plants was restricted within 20 cm depth from soil surface, which would be closely related with vertical distribution of root system, water table and soil aeration. Of vertical distribution of soil properties, W.C., A-P and K concentrations were increased as soil depth was lowered. In the coastal reclaimed lands, symbiotic activities of the AMF such as spore density and symbiotic intensity, were conspicuously stimulated by the increase of soil pH value, organic matter and total nitrogen concentrations, but inhibited by the increase of moisture, available phosphorus and sodium concentrations in the rhizosphere soil. Phosphorus absorption by higher plants growing in the reclaimed lands increased by the rise of symbiotic activities of AMF. Since symbiotic activities of AMF were stimulated with decreasing soil phosphorus concentrations, higher plants associated with AMF absorbed a large amount of phosphorus from the soil is low phosphorus concentrations.