• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.789-794
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• 2016

Continuous excessive application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and manure in plastic film house soils can lead to an accumulation of P in soils. The understanding of P sorption by soils is important for fertilizer management. In this study, 9 samples were collected for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soil and plastic film house soils as cultivated soil Phosphorus sorption data of acidic soils fit the Langmuir equations, Freundlich equations in calcareous and plastic film house soils. In calcareous and plastic film house soils, the slope of isotherm adsorption changed abruptly, which could be caused P precipitation with $CaCO_3$. The calculated Langmuir adsorption maximum ($S_{max}$) varied from 217 to 1,250, 139 to 1,429, and $714mg\;kg^{-1}$ for acidic soils, calcareous soils, and plastic film house soils with low available phosphate concentration, respectively. From this result, maximum P adsorption by the Langmuir equation could be regarded as threshold of P concentration to induce the phosphate precipitation in soil. Phosphate-sorption values estimated from one-point isotherm for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soils were comparable with the $S_{max}$ values calculated from the Langmuir isotherm.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1993

인산이 축적된 뽕밭에서 인산 시비량을 조절하기 위하여, 유효인산 300ppm 정도 포장 2개소, 450 ppm정도 포장 1개소에서 인산 표준시비량구(13kg/10a), 반량구, 무인산구, 무시비구 등을 설정하여 4년동안의 포장시험과 엽질검정을 위한 누에 사육시험을 3년동안 수행한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 토양유효인산 함량이 450ppm포장에서는 4년간 계속된 인산 무시비구에서도 뽕잎 수량감소가 없었으나, 300ppm포장에서의 무인산구에서는 3년차 봄부터, 인산 반량구에서는 4년차 가을부터 감수가 시작되었다. 2. 연차별로 토양 인산의 감소에 따른 수량감소와의 관계에 의하여 인산시비 개시 시기를 조사한 결과, 토심 10~20cm 부위에서 유효인산의 함량이 150ppm 이하로 떨어졌을 때 인산시비를 개시하는 것이 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 3. 인산 감량시비에 따른 뽕잎 중의 인산함량은 표준량 시비구 대비 0.18%까지 감소하였다. 4. 인산의 감량시비가 뽕잎의 질에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 3년간 토양인산 300ppm 포장의 뽕잎으로 누에를 사육하여 검정한 결과, 인산 무시비에 의해 수량이 감소하고, 엽중의 인산 함량이 최저 1.13%까지 감소하였어도, 수견량 및 견질에는 영향을 주지 않았다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2022

Objective: This study was performed to examine whether the porcine glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1) gene has important functions in regulating adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Porcine GOT1 knockout and overexpression vectors were constructed and transfected into the mouse adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells. Lipid droplets levels were measured after 8 days of differentiation. The mechanisms through which GOT1 participated in lipid deposition were examined by measuring the expression of malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) and malic enzyme (ME1) and the cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) content. Results: GOT1 knockout significantly decreased lipid deposition in the 3T3-L1 cells (p<0.01), whereas GOT1 overexpression significantly increased lipid accumulation (p<0.01). At the same time, GOT1 knockout significantly decreased the NADPH content and the expression of MDH1 and ME1 in the 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of GOT1 significantly increased the NADPH content and the expression of MDH1 and ME1, suggesting that GOT1 regulated adipocyte differentiation by altering the NADPH content. Conclusion: The results preliminarily revealed the effector mechanisms of GOT1 in regulating adipose differentiation. Thus, a theoretical basis is provided for improving the quality of pork and studies on diseases associated with lipid metabolism.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 1981

Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872를 변이하여 얻은 adenine-guanine 및 $\beta$-alanine 영양요구성(營養要求性)이고 5'-XMP를 다량 생산하는 변이주 D-1550-40을 사용하여 발효배지성분(醱酵培地成分)의 최고농도(最高濃度)와 각 성분간의 상호작용효과(相互作用效果)를 검토하였다. 5'-XMP 축적(蓄積)에 필요한 adenine 및 guanine의 최적(最適) 농도(濃度)는 각각 75mg/l이었으나 생육(生育)에 대한 최적농도(最適濃度)는 이 보다 높은 100mg/ml이었고 그 이상의-농도에서는 5'-XMP 축적에 심한 저해를 초래하였다. 이러한 현상은 biotin을 $100{\mu}g/l$ 이상 첨가하거나 casamino acid를 0.3% 이상 첨가함으로서 배제할 수 있었다. 5'-lMP 발효의 경우와 마찬가지로 무기인산염(無機燐酸鹽)과 마그네슘은 5'-XMP 축적에도 $1.0{\sim}1.5%$1.5%가 적당(適當)하였다. $MnSO_4$의 농도가 $0{\sim}5mg/l$의 범위안에서 증가함에 따라 균증식과 5'-XMP의 축적은 촉진되었으나 그 이상의 농도에서는 변화가 없었고 정상상태를 나타내었다. Adenine과 guanine 각 100 mg/l, $MnSO_4\{cdot}7H_2O5mg/l 및 biotin $100{\mu}g/lg$가 함유된 발효배지에서 배양한 결과 4일후 60.5mg/ml의 5'-XMP가 측적되었으며, 5'-XMP의 생성활성(生成活性)은 균체량(菌體量)에 비례하여 배양 2일 내지 3일에서 가장 높았다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.568-579
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• 2020

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Hepatic steatosis is the most common liver disorder, particularly in postmenopausal women. This study investigated the protective effects of standardized rice bran extract (RBS) on ovariectomized (OVX)-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: HepG2 cells were incubated with 200 µM oleic acid to induce lipid accumulation with or without RBS and γ-oryzanol. OVX rats were separated into three groups and fed a normal diet (ND) or the ND containing 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 ㎍/kg) and RBS (500 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. RESULTS: RBS supplementation improved serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in OVX rats. Histological analysis showed that RBS significantly attenuated hepatic fat accumulation and decreased hepatic lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Additionally, RBS suppressed the estrogen deficiency-induced upregulation of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. CONCLUSIONS: RBS and γ-oryzanol effectively reduced lipid accumulation in a HepG2 cell hepatic steatosis model. RBS improves OVX-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating the SREBP1-mediated activation of lipogenic genes, suggesting the benefits of RBS in preventing fatty liver in postmenopausal women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.192-197
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• 2011

The dietary intake of whole grains is known to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. To investigate whether there are anti-adipogenic activities in various Korean cereals, we assessed water extracts of nine cereals. The results showed that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, Setaria italica Beauvois, or Panicum miliaceum L. extract significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation, as determined by measuring oil red-O staining, triglyceride accumulation, and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Among the nine cereals, P. miliaceum L. showed the highest anti-adipogenic activity. The effects of P. miliaceum L. on mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, and the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-${\alpha}$ were evaluated revealing that the extract significantly decreased the expression of these genes in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, P. miliaceum L. extract changed the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in adipocytes, which is related to biological activity and cell characteristics. These results suggest that some cereals efficiently suppress adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In particular, the effect of P. miliaceum L. on adipocyte differentiation is associated with the downregulation of adipogenic genes and fatty acid accumulation in adipocytes.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.179-188
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• 1999

The present was undertaken to establish a model for the control of adipocytes differentiation by using antibody from egg yolk. The emulsion of membrane protein of 3T3L-1 cell membrane protein with the complete Freund's adjuvant was firstly immunized in layer. Second and third boosting were undertaken with two weeks intervals by injection of the emulsion of the same antigen with the incomplete Freund's adjuvant. After 4 week of the first immunization, eggs were collected and antibody (IgY) was purified from egg yolk. The purity of IgY was 60-98% determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) methods. Titer value of the antibody showed high reactiviy for the preadipocytes membrane protein measured by ELISA. When the IgY was added in the test media containing either 2.5% porcine serum or 10% FBS(control), the differentiation of 3T3L-1 cells and Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) activities was significantly decreased compared to the control cells(p〈0.05). When mice were subcutaneously injected with IgY raised against membrane protein of 3T3L-1 cells for 3 weeks, adipose tissue mass around ovary was tended to be decreased in female mice compared to those of control mice. It is suggested that a potential for manipulating of lipid accumulation through decrease in 3T3L-1 cell differentiation and fat accumulation in female mice by IgY treatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.444-455
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adipocytes undergo angiogenesis to receive nutrients and oxygen needed for adipocyte' growth and differentiation. No study relating quercetin with angiogenesis in adipocytes exists. Therefore, this study investigated the role of quercetin on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, acting through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MATERIALS/METHODS: After proliferating preadipocytes into adipocytes, various quercetin concentrations were added to adipocytes, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity was investigated as an indicator of fat accumulation. The mRNA expressions of transcription factors related to adipocyte differentiation, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), peroxisomal proliferatoractivated receptors (PPAR)-γ, and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), were investigated. The mRNA expressions of proteins related to angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-α, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9, were investigated. Enzyme activities and concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also measured. RESULTS: Quercetin treatment suppressed fat accumulation and the expressions of adipocyte differentiation-related genes (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, PPAR-γ, and aP2) in a concentration-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells. Quercetin treatments reduced the mRNA expressions of VEGF-α, VEGFR-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in 3T3-L1 cells. The activities and concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also decreased significantly as the concentration of quercetin increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that quercetin inhibits adipose tissue differentiation and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, which could occur through inhibition of the angiogenesis process related to MMPs.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1971

수도생육초기(水稻生育初期)에 흡수조해물질(吸收阻害物質)의 생성집적(生成集積)이 우려(憂慮)되는 전형적(典型的)인 습답(濕畓)의 개량방법(改良方法)을 확립(確立)시키기 위(爲)해서 적지(適地)를 선정(選定) 석회질물질(石灰質物質), 무류산근비료(無硫酸根肥料), 붕소(硼素) 생고등(生藁等)을 첨가처리(添加處理) 한 포장시험(圃場試驗)을 실시(實施)하고 시기별식물체시료(時期別植物體試料)의 채취분석(採取分析)을 실시(實施)하여 그 결과(結果)들을 평가검토(評價檢討)한 결과(結果) 대략(大約) 다음과 같이 요약(要約)할수 있었다. (1) 습답(濕畓)에서는 소석회(消石灰), 규회석(珪灰石)과 같은 석회질물질(石灰質物質)의 첨가(添加) 붕(硼) 사등(砂等)과 같은 미생물(微生物)의 활동억제물질(活動抑制物質), 무류산근비료(無硫酸根肥料)와 같은 유해물질생성원(有害物質生成源)이 없는 물질(物質)의 시용(施用)으로 현저(顯著)한 정조수양증수(精租收量增收)를 기(期)할수있다. (2) 습답(濕畓)에 있어서 작물학적(作物學的)인 감수원인(減收原因)은 주당수수(株當穗數) 수당입수(穗當粒數), 1000입중등(粒重等)이 감소(減少)되는것이다. (3) 습답(濕畓)에서의 식물영양학적(植物營養學的)인 감수원인(減收原因)은 전생육기간(全生育期間)을 통(通)한 질소흡수조해(窒素吸收阻害)와 유수형성기(幼穗形成) 이후(以後)의 인발흡목조해(燐醱吸牧阻害), 수확기고중(收穫期藁中)의 고토(苦土), 석회(石灰) 규산함량(硅酸含量)의 감소(減少)때문이다. (4) 습답(濕畓)에서의 각종성분(各種成分)의 수도체중함량감소원인(水稻體中含量減少原因)은 다음과 같은 관찰사실(觀察事實)로부터 흡수조해물질(吸收阻害物質)의 생성집적(生成集積)으로 인(因)한 근계(根系)의 피해(被害)때문이라고 추정(推定)된다. (가) 흡수조해물질(吸收阻害物質)의 생성집적(生成集積)이 최고(最高)에 이르는 유수형성기(幼穗形成期)에 있어서 인산(燐酸)의 식물체당함량(植物體當含量)은 인산무처리구(燐酸無處理區)보다 인산시용구(燐酸施用區)에서 적었으며 석회질물질시용(石灰質物質施用)으로 중화(中和)된 구(區)에서는 훨씬 많았다. (나) 생고시용구(生藁施用區)에서 유수형성기(幼穗形成期) 식물체중가리함량(植物體中加里含量)은 필경 생고분해과정(生藁分解過程)에서 생성(生成)된 흡수조해물질(吸收阻害物質)때문에 매우 낮었으나 수확기(收穫期)에는 높았으며 필경 피해근(被害根)에 의(依)한 소극적(消極的) 비대사흡수(非代謝吸收) 때문이다. (다) 유기물(有機物)을 분해(分解)하는 미생물(微生物)의 작용(作用)을 조해(阻害)하는 것으로 알려진 붕소(硼素)의 효과(效果)가 현저(顯著)하였다. (라) 유화수소(硫化水素)와 같은 흡수조해물질생성원(吸收阻害物質生成源)이 없는 무류산근비료처리(無硫酸根肥料處理)의 효과(效果)가 현저(顯著)하였다. (마) 흡수조해물질(吸收阻害物質)의 생성집적량(生成集積量)이 최고(最高)에 이르며 근(根)의 활력(活力)이 최저(最低)에 이르는 유수형성기전후(幼穗形成期前後)에 결정(決定)되는 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)들이 모두 감소(減少)된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2006

토양내에서 인의 축적은 농업과 환경에 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토양입자표면에 흡착된 인산이온의 치환방법을 조사하기 위하여 실험실 규모의 연구를 수행하였다. 토양시료는 충남 논산에 위치한 구릉지 밭토양 4개 지점에서 0-10 cm와 10-20 cm 깊이의 토양시료를 채취하였다. 인의 가용화를 조사하기 위하여 $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-1}cmol\;L^{-1}$의 옥살릭산을 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10 및 1:20의 희석비율로 처리하여 조사하였다. 인 가용화는 희석비율이 1:5 이하의 경우 옥살릭산의 농도가 $5{\times}10^{-4}cmol\;L^{-1}$ 이상으로 처리될 때 증가가 시작되었다. 그리고 희석비율이 1:10과 1:20 일 때 인가용화 시작점은 1:5 이하와 비교 시 $10^{-4}cmol\;L^{-1}$에서 $5{\times}10^{-5}cmol\;L^{-1}$로 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 얻는 그래프의 곡선적정 결과 희석배수가 1:5 이하에서는 지수증가의 형태이나 1:10 이상의 경우 S자 만곡형으로 인의 가용화는 희석배수에 의해 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다.