• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1524-1532
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• 2021

In this study, Gomchwi (Ligularia fischen) derived from Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do was extracted with 70% ethanol (LFE) and antioxidant activity was measured. The following experimental techniques were used to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of LFE. Total phenolic contents, ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging analysis, cell viability assay, NO assay, and quantitative real-time PCR technique. The content of polyphenol and flavonoid was each 113.97±0.37 mg GAE/g or 29.22±2.06 mg QE/g in LFE. DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured to be 25 ㎍/㎖ 11.26±0.95%, 50 ㎍/㎖ 17.12±0.63%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 29.54±0.36%, 250 ㎍/㎖ 68.31±0.28%, 500 ㎍/㎖ 75.12±0.05%, and 1000 ㎍/㎖ 75.75±1.57%. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity was identified as LFE 25 ㎍/㎖ 13.75±0.21%, 50 ㎍/㎖ 26.71±0.20%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 56.92±0.22%, 250 ㎍/㎖ 91.30±0.12%, 500 ㎍/㎖ 93.40±0.02, and 1000 ㎍/㎖ 93.19±0.04%. There was no significant cytotoxicity of LFE. NO production was significantly decreased to LFE 50 ㎍/㎖ 79.40±2.64%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 55.01±5.36%, and 200 ㎍/㎖ 30.93±3.11%. Also, the NOS2 gene expression was significantly reduced to LFE 50 ㎍/㎖ 0.94±0.11, 100 ㎍/㎖ 0.59±0.05, and 200 ㎍/㎖ 0.32±0.04. This result objectively confirmed the antioxidant effect of Gomchwi. We will continue to conduct in-depth research. Therefore, it is believed that the possibility of using Gomchwi as a cosmetic and functional food material can be established.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2022

Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic compound, plays a pivotal role in regulating a wide range of physiological and metabolic processes in plants such as antioxidant cellular defense, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic stress responses during the growth and development. We examined the effect of exogenous SA application (100 mg·L^-1) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity of chili pepper plants under high temperature and drought stress conditions. SA treatment induced increases of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) under the stress condition with the highest level after the third treatment. The contents of malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ were significantly lower in the third treatment of SA compared to the control. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, increased in treated plants by up to 247, 318, 55 and 54%, respectively compared to the nontreated control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics between SA-treated and nontreated plants, while the SA treatment increased marketable yield (kg/10a) by about 15% compared to the nontreated control. Taken together, these results suggest that foliar application of SA alleviates physiological damages caused by the combination of drought and heat stress, and enhances the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby improving tolerance to a combination of water deficit and heat stress in chili pepper plants.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2021

Background: Results on the action of antioxidants in extracts of Equisetum hyemale stems and roots have already been reported, but the antioxidant properties have not been analyzed. Purpose: This study was to determine the molecular structure of antioxidants in substances extracted from E. hyemale stems and roots. Methods: Component analysis was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS after extraction with hot water and ethyl alcohol. Results: The HPLC chromatogram of stem and root extracts showed four significant peaks at a wavelength of 205 nm. Peak 1 at 280 nm is a typical simple phenolic type, and both peaks 2-4 near 280 nm and 370 nm are typical flavonoid glycosides. As for the antioxidant level of the extract by HPLC analysis, the sum of the peaks at 740 nm was the highest at 3,669 mAU in the 100% ethanol extract, 3,096 mAU in the 70% ethanol extract, and 2,868 mAU in the hot water extract. As a result of LC-MS analysis of the antioxidant extract, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside with a molecular weight of 772 da at peak 3, and kaempferol-3-sophoroside-8-glucoside with a molecular weight of 788 and 772 at peak 4 was identified. Conclusions: The above results show that two types of antioxidants were identified in the antioxidant extract of E. hyemale exrtracts. Therefore, the potential as a raw material for functional cosmetics has increased.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.519-524
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• 2022

Domestic building finishing materials are being evaluated according to KS F 2271 standards according to the notification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and this test is evaluated using laboratory animals. In this study, experiments were conducted on highly combustible organic insulation materials such as EPS, urethane, and phenolic foam. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of the behavioral suspension of the experimental mice by measuring the average behavioral suspension time of the mice caused by the harmful gas generated when these three types of insulation materials were burned. FTIR analysis and smoke density experiment were performed as a cause analysis method for the behavioral suspension of mice, and the experimental results were analyzed by dividing the causes of behavioral suspension into suffocation by particulate matter and toxic inhalation by gaseous substances. As a result of the test, urethane was evaluated as the most harmful insulation material, and as a result of FTIR analysis and smoke density test as a cause analysis for the gas toxicity test results, it is judged that the behavioral stop of the rats by suffocation is higher than the effect of toxic inhalation. This study is a basic study on the cause analysis of harmful gases, and it will be necessary to prepare the toxicity basis and analyze various materials and gases.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antiobesity effects of Euphorbia resinifera extracts and investigate the phenolic constituents and the toxicity of these extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed to detect polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by four methods (DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂, and xanthine oxidase inhibition). The hypoglycemic effect was determined by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro and via a starch tolerance study in normal rats. The antiobesity effect was estimated by in vitro inhibition of lipase. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in polyphenols (99 ± 0.56 mg GEA/g extract) and tannins (55.22 ± 0.17 mg RE/g extract). Moreover, this extract showed higher antioxidant activity in different tests: the DPPH assay (IC₅₀ = 53.81 ± 1.83 ㎍/mL), ABTS assay (111.4 ± 2.64 mg TE/g extract), H₂O₂ (IC₅₀ = 98.15 ± 0.68 ㎍/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC₅₀ = 10.26 ± 0.6 ㎍/mL). With respect to hypoglycemic effect, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed IC₅₀ values of 119.7 ± 2.15 ㎍/mL and 102 ± 3.63 ㎍/mL for α-amylase and 121.4 ± 1.88 and 56.6 ± 1.12 ㎍/mL for α-glucosidase, respectively, and the extracts lowered blood glucose levels in normal starch-loaded rats. Additionally, lipase inhibition was observed with aqueous (IC₅₀ = 25.3 ± 1.53 ㎍/mL) and ethanolic (IC₅₀ = 13.7 ± 3.03 ㎍/mL) extracts. Conclusion: These findings show the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hyperlipidemic effects of E. resinifera extracts, which should be investigated further to validate their medicinal uses and their pharmaceutical applications.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.218-229
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• 2021

Recently, as consumers' interest and importance in health care have significantly increased, they prefer natural and organic foods that do not use chemical pesticides. Since sprout vegetables effectively promote health and prevent diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, the consumption of sprout vegetables, a highly functional and safe food, has been increased significantly. This study aimed to investigate the effect of light on the growth and bioactive compounds of seven different sprout vegetables. After sowing the seeds of various sprout vegetables (kale, Chinese kale, broccoli, red cabbage, alfalfa, red radish, and radish), the sprouts were cultivated under light conditions (20℃, RGB 6:1:3, 130 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, 12 hours photoperiod) and dark condition for 7 days. Sprouts samples were taken at 1-day intervals from 4 to 7 days after treatment. The fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, total phenol content, and antioxidant capacity were measured. Brassica species (kale, Chinese kale, broccoli, red cabbage) and Medicago species (alfalfa) had significantly higher fresh weight values under dark conditions, while the content of bioactive compounds was increased considerably under light conditions. In contrast, the fresh weight of Raphanus genus (red radish, radish) significantly increased under the light condition, but the antioxidant phenolic compounds were significantly higher under the dark state. A negative correlation was observed between the growth and secondary metabolites in various sprout vegetables. This study confirmed the effect of light and dark conditions on different sprout vegetables' growth and nutritional value and emphasizes the importance of harvest time in producing high-quality sprout vegetables.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.763-777
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• 2022

Objective: Excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes results in prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Curcumin (CUR), a naturally phenolic active ingredient, has been shown to have lipid-lowering effects. However, its underlying mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Therefore, the study aims to determine the effect of CUR on cellular lipid accumulation in porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA) and to clarify novel mechanisms. Methods: The PSPA were cultured and treated with or without CUR. Both cell counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were used to examine cytotoxicity. Intracellular lipid contents were measured by oil-red-o staining extraction and triglyceride quantification. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labelling assay. Adipogenic and apoptosis genes were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: The CUR dose-dependently reduced the proliferation and lipid accumulation of PSPA. Noncytotoxic doses of CUR (10 to 20 μM) significantly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and expression of adipogenic genes peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, adipocyte protein-2, glucose transporter-4 as well as key lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while ERK1/2 activation significantly reversed CUR-reduced lipid accumulation by increasing PPAR-γ. Furthermore, compared with differentiation induced media treated cells, higher dose of CUR (30 μM) significantly decreased the expression of AKT and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), while increased the expression of BCL-2-associated X (BAX) and the BAX/BCL-2 expression ratio, suggesting triggered apoptosis by inactivating AKT and increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Moreover, AKT activation significantly rescued CUR inhibiting lipid accumulation via repressing apoptosis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CUR is capable of suppressing differentiation by inhibiting ERK1/2-PPAR-γ signaling pathway and triggering apoptosis via decreasing AKT and subsequently increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3, suggesting that CUR provides an important method for the reduction of porcine body fat, as well as the prevention and treatment of human obesity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2022

In this study, antioxidant efficacy was analyzed to verify the value of use as an antioxidant-related functional cosmetic material using Cheongtaejeon tea extract. Cheongtaejeon tea was extracted, concentrated, and freeze-dried with hot water and 70% ethanol as a solvent to prepare samples, and then ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity, electron donating ability, SOD-like ability, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were analyzed. In the ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity experiment, both the Cheongtaejeon hydrothermal extract (CTW) and the Cheongtaejeon 70% ethanol extract (CTE) showed erasure activity of more than 98% at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/mL, and in the electron donating analysis experiment, CTW and CTE, respectively, 42.20% and 78.82%. As a result of SOD-like activity measurement, activity of 39.73% and 67.39% of CTW and CTE, respectively, was confirmed. In the case of FRAP and reducing power experiments, both CTW and CTE showed high effects, and as a result of analyzing the total phenol and flavonoid contents, both CTW and CTE showed high contents. Based on the results of the experiment, the Cheongtaejeon tea extract is expected to have a highly valuable as a functional cosmetics material related to antioxidants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.685-699
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE's total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate inhibitory effects of steamed Polygonatum odoratum extract (POE) on differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods : Polygonatum odoratum (P. odoratum) extract was extracted with ethyl acetate. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in POE were measured for antioxidant activity. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). MTT assay was examined for cell toxicity, oil red O staining was performed for intracelluar adipogenesis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Western blot analysis for measurement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expressions were performed. Results : The results revealed that POE has antioxidant activities. Contents of total polyphenolics and flavonoids were $50.83{\pm}1.52$ GAE mg/100g dry weight of POE and $17.05{\pm}2.47$ RE mg/100g dry weight of POE, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP in 10 mg/ml concentration were $92.1{\pm}0.6%$, $244.8{\pm}9.0{\mu}M$ Fe(II) and ABTS inhibition in 5 mg/ml concentration was $84.8{\pm}4.1%$. Treatment of POE in adipocytes inhibited the differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to those of vehicle control. Additionally, protein expressions of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$, major transcription factor for the adipogenic genes, were significantly decreased compared to those of vehicle control (p<0.05). Futhermore, phosphorylation of AMPK was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with POE compared to that of vehicle control (p<0.05). Conclusions : we demonstrate that steamed P. odoratum extract (POE) has potentiating antioxidant activities, inhibits differentiation and lipid accumulation and also induces energy expenditure in adipocytes, which may contribute to antiobesity property.