• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2006

Enrichment techniques led to the isolation of a Pseudomonas sp. strain P2 from municipal waste-contaminated soil sample, which could utilize different isomers of a commercial mixture of 4-nonylphenol when grown in the presence of phenol. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp., based on the morphological, nutritional, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The ${\beta}$-ketoadipate pathway was found to be involved in the degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas sp. strain P2. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the culture media indicated degradation of various major isomers of 4-nonylphenol in the range of 29-50%. However, the selected ion monitoring mode of analysis of biodegraded products of 4-nonylphenol indicated the absence of any aromatic compounds other than those of the isomers of 4-nonylphenol. Moreover, Pseudomonas sp. strain P2 was incapable of utilizing various alkanes individually as sole carbon source, whereas the degradation of 4-nonylphenol was observed only when the test organism was induced with phenol, suggesting that the degradation of 4-nonylphenol was possibly initiated from the phenolic moiety of the molecule, but not from the alkyl side-chain.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to more fully evaluate the potential for chlorophenol degradation in anaerobic sludge. The pH effects on the ring cleavage of phenol and dechlorination of monochlorophenol isomers and dichlorophenl isomers. This study results are as follows ; Each of the monochlorophenol isomers were degraded in anaerobic sludge. The relatives rates were 2-Chlorophenol > 3-Chlorophenol > 4-Chlorophenol. Biodegradation results for the dichlorophenol isomers in anaerobic sludge are such as 2,3-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol was reductively dechlorinated to 3-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol to 4-chlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol to 2-chlorophenol. The two dichlorophenol isomers which did not contain an ortho Cl substituent 3,4-dichlorophenol and 3,5-dichlorophenol were persistent during the 6-week incubation. The rate of dechlorination was enhanced by the presence of a Cl group ortho, rather than para, to the site of dechlorination.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2002

We have evaluated the specific hydroxyl group-solvent and carbonyl group-solvent interactions by using an Alltima C18 stationary phase and by measuring the retention data of carefully selected solutes in 60/40, 70/30, and 80/20(v/v%) acetonitrile/water eluents at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 oC. The selected solutes are phenol, acetophenone, alkylbenznes(benzene to hexylbenznene), 4 positional isomers of phenylbutanol, 5-phenyl-1-pentanol, 3 positional isomers of alkylarylketone derived from butylbenzene, and 1-phenyl-2-hexanone. The magnitudes of hydroxyl group-acetonitrile/water specific interaction enthalpies are larger than those of carbonyl group-acetonitrile/water specific interaction enthalpies in general while the magnitudes of carbonyl group-methanol/water specific interaction enthalpies are larger than those of hydroxyl group-methanol/water specific interactions. We observed clear discrepancies in functional group-solvent specific interaction among positional isomers. The variation trends of solute transfer enthalpies and entropies with mobile phase composition in the acetonitrile/water system are much different from those in the methanol/water system. The well-known pocket formation of acetonitrile in aqueous acetonitrile mixtures has proven to be useful to explain such phenomena.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1161-1164
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• 2004

Calculations are presented for phenol ?acetonitrile - $(water)_n$ (n = 1-3) clusters. We examine the nature of interactions in the mixed clusters by calculating and comparing the structures, relative energies and harmonic frequencies of isomers with different type of hydrogen bonding. The conformers exhibit quite different patterns in the shifts of the CN and OH stretching frequencies, depending on the type of hydrogen bonding. Cyclic hydrogen bonding among the water molecule(s), acetonitrile and phenolic OH proves very important in determining the relative stability. It is also shown that acetonitrile tends to bind to the OH group of phenol in low energy conformers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.416-422
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• 2001

The migration of alkylphenols from PVC packaging materials (wrap, sheet and gasket) into food simulants and foods were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and gas chromatography with mass selective detection. Only seven nonyl phenol isomers were detected in three types of PVC food packaging materials and the content of nonyl phenol of wrap was higher than those of sheet and gasket. The contents of nonyl phenol migrated from fatty food simulants (n-heptane) were higher than those from aqeous food simulants (distilled water, 4% acetic acid and 20% ethanol) and increased with increase in temperature. Nonyl phenol in fruit juice, infant formula, and beverage was migrated from PVC gasket, olefin gasket, and olefin bottle cap, respectively. Nonyl phenol was also detected from foods even before contacting with the packaging materals.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.217-231
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• 2006

The gas-phase formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was experimentally investigated by slow combustion of the three chlorophenols (CPs): 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), in a laminar flow reactor over the range of 550 to $750^{\circ}C$ under oxidative condition. Contrary to the a priori hypothesis, different distributions of PCN isomers were produced from each CP. To explain the distributions of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and PCN congeners, a pathway is proposed that builds on published mechanisms of PCDF formation from chlorinated phenols and naphthalene formation from dihydrofulvalene. This pathway involves phenoxy radical coupling at unsubstituted ortho-carbon sites followed by CO elimination to produce dichloro-9, 10-dihydrofulvalene intermediates. Naphthalene products are formed by loss of H and/or Cl atoms and rearrangement. The degree of chlorination of naphthalene and dibenzofuran products decreased as temperature increased, and, on average, the naphthalene congeners were less chlorinated than the dibenzofuran congeners. PCDF isomers were found to be weakly dependent to temperature, suggesting that phenoxy radical coupling is a low activation energy process. Different PCN isomers, on the other hand, are formed by alternative fusion routes from the same phenoxy radical coupling intermediate. PCN isomer distributions were found to be more temperature sensitive, with selectivity to particular isomers decreasing with increasing temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.517-523
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• 2014

The micellization of TTAB(tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and the solubilization of 4-halogenated phenol isomers in aqueous solution of that surfactant in water have been studied by the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Those properties in aqueous solutions of NaCl and n-butanol have been also measured to determine the interactions between the micelle and 4-halogenated phenols and the solubilized sites of those molecules in the micelle. The results show that the values of ${\Delta}G^o_m$ and ${\Delta}G^o_s$ are all negative and the trends of those values depend on both the kinds and the concentrations of additives. Namely, by adding NaCl both ${\Delta}G^o_m$ and ${\Delta}G^o_s$ values are all decreasing, but by adding n-butanol the ${\Delta}G^o_m$ value decreases and the ${\Delta}G^o_s$ value increases.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1990

Copolyspiroacetals were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation from 3, 9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxaspiroundecane(SAB) and 4, 4'-biphenol(BP) with sebacoyl chloride. These copolymers were soluble in polar solvent such as phenol/tetrachloroethane and sulfuric acid, and exibited good thermal stability. But they did not exhibit thermotropic mesophases. The structures of spiroacetal moiety were observed by computer-aided-modeling that had two types of conformational isomers and not linear and/or not planar conformations.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

This paper reported the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the culture-based method in the intrinsic bioremediation study at a petroleum contaminated site. The study showed that phenol hydroxylase gene was detected in groundwater contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers (BTEX) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). This indicated that intrinsic bioremediation occurred at the site. DGGE analyses revealed that the petroleum-hydrocarbon plume caused the variation in microbial communities. MTBE degraders including Pseudomonas sp. NKNU01, Bacillus sp. NKNU01, Klebsiella sp. NKNU01, Enterobacter sp. NKNU01, and Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 were isolated from the contaminated groundwater using the cultured-based method. Among these five strains, Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 is the most effective stain at degrading MTBE without the addition of pentane. The MTBE biodegradation experiment indicated that the isolated bacteria were affected by propane. Biodegradation of MTBE was decreased but not totally inhibited in the mixtures of BTEX. Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 degraded about 60% of MTBE in the bioreactor study. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), acetic acid, 2-propanol, and propenoic acid were detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry during MTBE degraded by the rest cells of Enterobacter sp. NKNU02. The effectiveness of bioremediation of MTBE was assessed for potential field-scale application.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

This study was to performed to investigate the effect of horseradish powder and mushroom waste in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from slurry. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $78.4{\pm}8.88$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (control, horseradish 0.03%, mushroom waste 0.5%, and combination; horseradish 0.03% + mushroom waste 0.5%). This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Odorous compounds in slurry including acetate, propionate, butyrate, trans fatty acid isomers were not different (P>0.05) among treatments. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the levels of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol in slurry among treatments. Concentration of indole was lower (P<0.05) in horseradish group compared with others. Skatole level was highest in control and horseradish group, middle in mushroom waste group, and lowest in combination group (P<0.05). Concentration of indole compounds was lowest (P<0.05) in combination group. Data from our current study suggest that indole compounds in slurry can be reduced by administrating pigs with 0.03% horseradish powder and 0.5% mushroom waste in their diet.