• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.246-257
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• 2009

Regarding climate change, the most significant challenge the world faces is achieving the goal of stabilizing the global concentration of greenhouse gases. However, this cannot be accomplished by greenhouse gas reduction efforts of developed countries alone. In this context, a "sectoral approach" has been brought up as a way to overcome the limit of the Kyoto Protocol and induce the participation of developing countries. This paper focuses on the different types of sectoral approaches that have been suggested so far, and their criteria, scope and effectiveness. It therefore explores the potential each approach has as a policy alternative under the post-2012 scheme. On top of that, with the possibility of these sectoral approaches becoming strong future policy alternatives in mind, this paper also analyzes their applicability to the Korean industry. For the steel, petrochemical and oil industries - in which energy efficiency exceeds the world average- a technology-based approach is proposed as an alternative. For the cement, paper and power generation industries - in which energy efficiency is about the same as the global average - a sectoral crediting mechanism or an index-based approach or a sector-wide transnational approach are proposed as alternatives. Lastly, this paper suggests a future research direction for their adoption and implementation.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.166-171
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• 2004

Since early 1950's fracture mechanics has brought significant impact on structural integrity assessment in a wide range of industries such as power, transportation, civil and petrochemical industries, especially in nuclear power plant industries. For the last two decades, significant efforts have been devoted in developing defect assessment procedures, from which various fitness-for-purpose or fitness-for-service codes have been developed. From another aspect, recent advances in IT (Information Technologies) bring rapid changes in various engineering fields. IT enables people to share information through network and thus provides concurrent working environment without limitations of working places. For this reason, a network system based on internet or intranet bas been appeared in various fields of business. Evaluating the integrity of structures is one of the most critical issues in nuclear industry. In order to evaluate the integrity of structures, a complicated and collaborative procedure is required including regular in-service inspection, fracture mechanics analysis, etc. And thus, experts in different fields have to cooperate to resolve the integrity problem. In this paper, an internet-based cooperative system for integrity evaluation system which adapts IT into a structural integrity evaluation procedure for reactor pressure vessel is introduced. The proposed system uses Virtual Reality (VR) technique, Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and agent programs. This system is able to support 3-dimensional virtual reality environment and to provide experts to cooperate by accessing related data through internet.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.9 no.4 s.29
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• pp.50-56
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• 2005

Liquefied Petroleum 6aso-PG) is combustible gas which used for fuel for domestic and automobiles. A research for adjust a component of LPG to improve the fuel characteristics and control the manufacturing process of that is carrying in petrochemical industry. Some kinds of LPG blending is considered as a adjusting method to control component of LPG. LPG is mainly propane for domestic use and butane for automobile use but propylene and butylene also a kind of LPG Change of explosion characteristic and combustion gas component by mixing of propylene in propane and butane was measured and analysed in this research. Based on the result of experiment, it was found that explosion pressure and pressure rise rate was slightly increased with mixing rate of propylene and it was considered the possibility of increasing the CO concentration in combustion gas with increase the mixing rate of propylene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

Since the OPRC-HNS Protocol entered into forced in the June of 2007, the potential effects on industrial circles are encouraged to be analyzed according to the obligatory regulations listed in the Protocols. This study was conducted on the quantitative analysis of the possible effect on the industrial circles if Korea accedes to OPRC-HNS Protocol. In spite of any burdens caused by keeping "accident emergency program memorandum" and performing "education and any training program for the crews", potential decrease of insurance fee is in possibility provided it follows. In addition, the oil refinery and petrochemical industries may also have burdens for potential costs for acquiring any materials including equipments and fees for education and training related to HNS. However, minimizing any costs by swift response against accidents would be big advantage that comes with paying of small amounts of expense by international convention related to HNS.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.675-680
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• 2002

Cracking and bulging in welded and internally lined pressure vessels that work in thermal-mechanical cycling service have been well known problems in the petrochemical, power and nuclear industries. However, published literature and industry surveys show that similar problems have been occurring during the last 50 years. A better understanding of the causes of cracking and bulging causes is needed to improve the reliability of these pressure vessels. This study attempts to add information required for increasing the knowledge and fundamental understanding required. Typical examples of this problem are the coke drums in the delayed coking units refinery process. This case was selected for experimental work, field study and results comparison. Delayed coking units are among the refinery units that have higher economical yields. To shut down these units represents a high negative economical impact in refinery operations. Also, the maintenance costs associated with repairs are commonly very high. Cracking and bulging occurrences in the coke drums, most often at the weld areas, characterize the history of the operation of delayed coking units. To design and operate more robust coke drums with fewer problems, an improved metallurgical understanding of the cracking and bulging mechanisms is required. A methodology that is based field experience revision and metallurgical analyses for the screening of the most important variables, and subsequent finite element analyses to verify hypotheses and to rank the variables according to their impact on the coke drum lives has been developed. This indicated approach provides useful information for increasing coke drum reliability. The results of this work not only order the most important variables according to their impact in the life of the vessels, but also permit estimation of the life spans of coke drums. In conclusion, the current work shows that coke drums may fail as a combination of thermal fatigue and other degradation mechanisms such as: corrosion at high and low temperatures, detrimental metallurgical transformations and plastic deformation. It was also found that FEA is a very valuable tool for understanding cracking and bulging mechanisms in these services and for ranking the design, fabrication, operation and maintenance variables that affect coke drum reliability.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2018

Background: Night shift work is associated with many problems such as sleep deprivation, sleepiness, decreased cognitive performance, increased human errors, and fatigue. This study set out to measure cognitive performance, melatonin rhythms, and sleep after different consecutive night shifts (7 vs. 4) among control room operators (CORs). Methods: The participants included 60 CORs with a mean age of 30.2 years (standard deviation, 2.0) from a petrochemical complex located in Southern Iran. Cognitive performance was assessed using the n-back task and continuous performance test. To evaluate melatonin, saliva was collected and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To assess sleep and sleepiness, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale were used, respectively. Results: Individuals who worked 7 consecutive night shifts had a significantly better cognitive performance and sleep quality than those who worked 4 consecutive night shifts. However, salivary melatonin profile and sleepiness trend were not affected by shift type. Conclusion: The main duty of CORs working night shifts at the studied industry included managing safety-critical processes through complex displays; a responsibility that demands good cognitive performance and alertness. It is suggested that an appropriate number of consecutive night shifts in a rotating shift system should be planned with the ultimate aim of improving CROs performance/alertness and enhancing safety.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2018

Benzene is one of the most widely used basic materials in the petrochemical industry. Generally, benzene exists as a mixture with alcohols rather than as a pure substance. Further, the alcohols-added mixtures usually exhibit an azeotropic composition. In this context, knowledge of the phase equilibrium behavior of the mixture is essential for its separation and purification. In this study, the vapor-liquid equilibrium data were measured in favor of a recirculating VLE apparatus under constant pressure for the 1 - propanol / benzene system. The measured vapor - liquid equilibrium data were also correlated by using the UNIQUAC and WILSON models and the thermodynamic consistency test based on the Gibbs/Duhem equation was followed. The results of the phase equilibrium experiment revealed RMSEs (Root Mean Square Error) and AADs (Average Absolute Deviation) of less than 0.05 for both models, indicating a good agreement between the experimental value and the calculated value. The results of the thermodynamic consistency test also confirmed through the residual term within ${\pm}0.2$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

Pipes, commonly used in energy and petrochemical facilities, have various types of defects induced by diverse factors and this is often issued in NDE society. Ultrasonic guided wave inspection method are normally adopted to insure the healthiness of industry pipes. Recently, ultrasonic guided wave inspection is shifted to adopt arrayed probes and system. And here we developed an array guided wave ultrasonic testing system can adapt arrayed probes and focusing methods. In this paper, an array guided wave ultrasonic testing system is presented including a transmitting focusing technique and flaw signal level enhancement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

Process gas piping is one of the most basic components frequently used in the refinery and petrochemical plants. Many kinds of by-product gas have been used as fuel in the process plants. In some plants, natural gas is additionally introduced and mixed with the byproduct gas for upgrading the fuel. In this case, safety or design margin of the changed piping system of the plant should be re-evaluated based on a proper design code such as ASME or API codes since internal pressure, temperature and gas compositions are different from the original plant design conditions. In this study, series of piping stress analysis were conducted for a process piping used for transporting the mixed gas of the by-product gas and the natural gas from a mixing drum to a knock-out drum in a refinery plant. The analysed piping section had been actually installed in a domestic industry and needed safety audit since the design condition was changed. Pipe locations of the maximum system stress and displacement were determined, which can be candidate inspection and safety monitoring points during the upcoming operation period. For studying the effects of outside air temperature to safety the additional stress analysis were conducted for various temperatures in $0{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Effects of the friction coefficient between the pipe and support were also investigated showing a proper choice if the friction coefficient is important. The maximum system stresses were occurred mainly at elbow, tee and support locations, which shows the thermal load contributes considerably to the system stress rather than the internal pressure or the gravity loads.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.2-9
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• 1995

The rccoverg and separation pracess of nikcl, vanadium and molybdenum from spent dcsulfilrizing catalyst ofpetrochemical rndustries was studied. Tnis process was canied out wet process which is consist of roasting, ammonialeaching and solve111 exDaction techniqcs. The metal ions of NI, V and Mo as vduable compollents were treated byroasting them a1 low lernperatuc, 400$^{\circ}$C in first dep, and then dlssah'ed nu1 at 80$^{\circ}$C wlth ammonium cabonate mlulion.Aftcr cooling them a1 room tempertaure, vanadium wa rccavered from mathcr iiquur in thc f n m of precipitate, sodiumvanadales The Secand slep, roasting the catalyst which is added sodium carbonate ul IOOO"C, was employed. Leachingwith distilled ~ a l e rga ve a iwo phase resultant, solutio~c~a ntaning Ni, V and Mo and solid residue containing sibca,alurmniu~n and iron. A solvcnt exlclction technique uslng vvriuus extractanls, MSP-8, TOIUC, LIX64Pi was eflecnve farthc extraclion and scparation ol thrcc mcfals from thc ammonical 11qou1 thc ammonical 11qou1.