• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권2D호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

소비자가 쇼핑통행을 하지 않으면서 인터넷을 통하여 물건을 주문하고, 집이나 직장 등 소비자가 원하는 장소에서 물건을 배달 받는 온라인 쇼핑은 운송산업 구조, 산업입지 패턴, 화물운송수요 및 통행패턴에 종전과 전혀 다른 변화를 초래할 것이다. 우리나라의 경우 장래 예상되는 여성인구의 사회활동 참여 증대, 고령인구의 증가, 대량생산에서 소량 다품목 고부가 가치 생산으로 변화하는 산업구조 등 사회 경제적 변혁은 앞으로 온라인 쇼핑의 가능성을 더욱 확대시킬 것이다. 따라서 장래 통행수요 및 통행패턴에도 상당한 변화를 초래할 것이며 이러한 변화는 장래 교통정책 방향에 지대한 영향을 미칠 것이다. 온라인 쇼핑의 통행에 미치는 영향이 매우 큼에도 불구하고 아직 우리나라에서는 이에 대한 연구가 이루어진 적이 전혀 없으며 교통정책 수립 시 전혀 반영되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 온라인 쇼핑이 개인통행에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 이러한 변화에 대응하기 위하여 장래 교통정책에서 다루어야 할 과제와 정책방향을 검토하고 제시한다.

• 섬유기술과 산업
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.69-92
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to offer foundation making more certain standards of musculoskeletal disorder diagnosis, We researched musculoskeletal symptoms degrees, frequencies, and cares and then examined relation between musculoskeletal symptoms and diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions using moire topography among workers at an automobile manufacturing plant. Therefore we propose the possibility of moire topography as diagnosing utilities of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This study was to examine the general characteristics, complaints of musculoskeletal symptoms, and work-related musculoskeletal disorder rates of cervicobrachial and lumbar area by survey among 435 workers at an automobile manufacturing plant and then to show each frequency and percentage, In the diagnosis using moire topography, we studied pain control necessity of cervicobrachial and lumbar area, 435 subjects were classified by 5 levels: A(no symptoms), B(need management), C(need treatment) and then more divided by B1(light symptoms)/B2(heavy symptoms), C1(light symptoms)/C2(heavy symptoms), And musculoskeletal areas were divided by 2 parts, cervicobrachial area(neck, shoulder, arm&elbow, and wrist&hand) and lumbar area, Then, frequency and percentage of each musculoskeletal areas(cervicobrachial and lumbar area) were appeared. At last, Pearson's chi-square test analysis was utilized to observe the relation between diagnosis using moire topography and general characteristics and the relation between diagnosis using moire topography and work-related complaint of musculoskeletal symptoms of cervicobrachial and lumbar area, Results: The subjects employed for this research were categorized into; by gender, all of them were males(l00%): by age, under 35 years 12 %, 36-40 years 56.3%, 41-45 years 26.3 %, and above 46 years 5.3% with 36-40 years accounting for most of it. By living location, owned houses represented 69.7%, rented houses 23.4%, monthly-rented 1.6%, the others 5.3%; by education, middle school and lower represented 3.0%, high school 89.4%, and junior college and higher 7.6% with high school occupying most of the group. By marital status, married represented 95.2%, unmarried 4.1%, and the others 0.7% with most of them married; by alcohol, drinking represented 81.8% and non-drinking 18.2%; by smoking status, smoking represented 53.6%, non-smoking 46.4% with no big difference between them. By working time(hours/week), below 50 represented 26.9%, 50-60 67.6%, above 60 5.5%; by working time(hours/day), below 9 represented 21.6%, 10-12 73.1%, above 13 5.3%; by job tenure(years), below 10 represented 25.1%, 11-15 54.3%, 16-20 15.2%, above 21 5.5%. By personal income per year, below 30 million won represented 11.0%, 30-40 84.8%, above 40 4.1%; by sleeping hours, below 6 hours represented 26.7%, 7-8 hours 69.9%, above 9 hours 3.4%. Complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms and work-related musculoskeletal disorder rates were 63.9% and 54.9% with shoulder area occupying most of both them. By pain degree of musculoskeletal symptoms, shoulder area represented $2.73{\pm}0.84$, lumbar area $2.66{\pm}0.86$, wrist and hand area $2.59{\pm}0.86$, neck area $2.55{\pm}0.74$, and arm and elbow area $2.48{\pm}0.71$. By cares about musculoskeletal symptoms, taking medication or care represented 34.4%-46.7%, absence or leave 15.4%-28.7%, and job transfer 6.3%-11.5%. So experienced cases more than one thing among cares about musculoskeletal symptoms represented 39.6%-54%. In the diagnosis using moire topography, pain control necessity of cervicobrachial area was shown below; A(no symptoms) 20.7%, B1(need management/light symptoms) 64.6%, B2(need management/heavy symptoms) 11.5%, C1(need treatment/light symptoms) 3.0%, C2(need treatment/heavy symptoms) 0.2%. By lumbar area, A(no symptoms) 8.7%, B1(need management/light symptoms) 52.2%, B2(need management/heavy symptoms) 30.3%, C1(need treatment/light symptoms) 8.7%, C2(need treatment/heavy symptoms) was none. In the relation between pain control necessity and general characteristics, age(P=0.013), education(P=0.000), and job tenure(P=0.012) with pain control necessity showed differences with significance. The relation between pain control necessity and complaint of musculoskeletal symptoms of cervicobrachial and lumbar area showed no difference with significance; in cervicobrachial area represented P=0.708, lumbar area P=0.318 Conclusions: This study for musculoskeletal symptoms on workers at automobile manufacturing plant showed that complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms for cervicobrachial and lumbar area were so high, 63.9%. But Pearson's chi-square test analysis was utilized to study the relation between musculoskeletal symptoms and the diagnosis using moire topography, showed no differences with significance. They have no differences with significance, but the prevalence rates of diagnosis using moire topography for cervicobrachial and lumbar area were more higher than complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms; complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms were 52.4%, 34.5% and the diagnosis using moire topography were 79.3%, 91.3% for cervicobrachial and lumbar area. The results of this study indicate that the diagnosis using moire topography can find weak musculoskeletal disorders that an individual can not feel, not be judged work-related musculoskeletal disease. Therefore, this study has an important meaning that diagnosis using moire topography can predict and control own physical condition complete musculoskeletal disorders beforehand, since oriental medicine theory considers that prevention is important.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2002

본 연구는 초현실주의적 사조가 현대조형예술에 어떻게 구현되고 있는지를 규명하고 초현실주의의 입장에서 표현한 아트메이크업을 제안하는 데 있다. 또한 초현실주의적 아트메이크업을 표현함으로써 메이크없 또한 예술의 사조와 흐름을 함께하는 예술적 존재라는 사실을 재확인하고자 하는 것에 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 이론고찰에서 얻은 결과를 작품을 통해 이론과 실제를 연결시켰다. 기존의 초현실주의 회화에서 모티브를 착안한 작품과 본 연구자가 초현실적 표현을 시도해 본 작품으로 제목은 다음과 같다. <작품1-DALI's expression>, <작품2-MAGRITTE's expression>, <작품3-ERNST's expression>, <작품4-첼로>, <작품5-ZIPPER>, <작품6-A DROP OF WATER>로 총6점을 제작하였다. 본 연구의 작품제작을 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초현실주의 회화에서 많이 보여지는 소재와 이미지를 응용하여 인체에 구성한 결과 현대적 조형감각과 선 감각이 표출되었다. 둘째, 색이나 표현, 주제, 기법, 재료 등에 구속받지 않고 예술적 이미지를 위한 아트 메이크업의 특성이 표출되었다. 셋째, 극히 주관적인 초현실주의 회화와 이념을 여러 각도로 응용하여 다양한 소재의 메이크업과 흥미로운 표현방법으로 인한 무한한 창작의 가능성을 부여하였다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제2호
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.674-680
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• 2017

본 논문은 현재 개인 휴대기기 및 대형 디스플레이 장비의 제어에서 폭넓게 사용되고 있는 터치스크린 패널 (TSP; Touch Screen Panel)의 정상 작동 유무를 확인하기 위한 micro bump 제작 기술에 관한 연구이다. 터치스크린 패널은 감압식, 정전식 등의 여러 가지 방식이 있으나 지금은 편리성에 의하여 정전식 방식이 주도하고 있다. 정전식의 경우 해당하는 좌표의 접촉에 따라 전기적 신호가 변화하게 되고, 이를 통하여 접촉 위치를 확인할 수 있으며 따라서 접촉 위치에 따른 전기 특성 검사가 필수적이다. 검사공정에서 TSP의 모델이 변경됨에 따라 새로운 micro bump를 제작이 및 검사 프로그램의 수정이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 micro bump 제작 시 mask를 사용하지 않아 보다 경제적이며 변화에 대응이 유연한 maskless lithography 시스템을 이용하여 micro bump 제작 가능성에 대하여 확인하였다. 이를 위하여 제작되는 bump의 pitch에 따른 전기장 간섭 시뮬레이션을 진행하였으며, maskless lithogrphy 공정을 적용하기 위한 패턴 이미지를 생성하였다. 이후 MEMS 기술에 해당하는 PR(Photo Resist) 패터닝 공정에서 노광(Lithography) 공정 및 현상(Developing) 공정을 통하여 PR 마스크를 제작한 후 electro-plating 공정을 통하여 micro bump를 제작하였다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.648-654
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• 2004

반도체 제조 장비에서 가스의 질량 흐름 제어기(Mass Flow Controller: MFC)가 차지하는 비중은 매우 크다. 가스의 흐름 제어가 곧 반도체 소자의 품질 및 수율을 결정하는 중요한 요소이기 때문이다. 따라서 MFC의 고속, 고정밀 제어를 구현하기 위한 요구가 높아지고 있다. MFC의 제어 알고리즘에 관한 연구 선례는 찾아보기가 매우 힘들다. 그러나 일반적으로 PID 제어 알고리즘을 사용되는 것으로 알려지고 있다. MFC 제어의 어려움은 열에 의해 흐름을 감지하는 시스템일 경우 느린 응답 특성과 비선형성을 포함한다는 데 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 PID 알고리즘 보다 더 우수한 성능을 보이는 MFC 제어 알고리즘을 제시하고 실험을 통해 그 우수성을 보인다. 비선형성과 느린 응답 특성을 보상하기 위하여 퍼지제어 알고리즘을 적용하였으며 그 성능을 현재 상용화된 제품과 비교하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 PC와 PC에 장착된 데이터 획득 보드를 통하여 제어루프를 형성하였고, PC상에서 LabWindows/CVI 프로그램으로 제어알고리즘을 구현하였다. 또한, 느린 응답 특성이 존재하는 센서출력으로부터 실제의 흐름을 추정하는 하나의 방법도 제시하였다. 실험결과 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘이 기존의 제품보다 더 빠르고, 더 정확한 제어성능을 보였다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2006

Because shipyard workers are involved with various manufacturing process in shipyard industry, and they are exposed to many kinds of hazardous materials. Especially, painting workers were exposed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). This study was conducted to assess the exposure status of PAH based on job-exposure matrix. We investigated the effect of genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes involved in PAH metabolism on levels of urinary metabolite. A total of 93 shipbuilding workers were recruited in this study. Questionnaire variables were age, sex, use of personal protective equipment, smoking, drinking, and work duration. The urinary metabolite was collected in the afternoon and corrected by urinary creatinine concentration. The genotypes of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and UGT1A6 were investigated by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly higher in direct exposured group (spray and touch-up) than indirect exposed group. Urinary 1-OHP, concentration of the high exposure with wild type of UGT1A6 was significantlyhigher than that of the high exposure with other UGT1A6 genotype. In multiple regression analysis of urinary 1-OHP, the regression coefficient of job grade was statistically significant (p<0.05) and UGT1A6 was not significant but a trend (p<0.1). The grade of exposure affected urinary PAH concentration was statistically significant. But genetic polymorphism of xenobiotics metabolism enzymes was not statistically significant. Further investigation of genetic polymorphism with large sample size is needed.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.57-77
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• 2001

이 논문은 1인당 GRDP와 노동생산성의 몇 가지 요소분해를 통해 1990년대 우리나라 지역격차의 추이와 대표적 낙후지역중의 하나인 호남지역의 전국대비 상대적 경제성과 패턴을 조사하였다. 이로부터 몇 가지 사실들을 발견할 수 있었다. 첫째, 1990년대 우리나라 지역간 격차가 심화되는 추세에 있으며 이는 지역간 취업률 격차보다는 생산성 격차에 기인하는 바가 크다. 둘째, 1 인당 GRDP의 측면에서 보면 전국대비 호남지역경제의 성과가 저조하다. 단 전남지역은 예외적이다. 하지만 이것은 상대적 누적인구성장이 높은 음(-)의 값을 갖기 때문이다. 세번째, 호남지역의 낮은 상대적 생산성 성장은 건설업, 운수창고업, 그리고 제조업에서의 상대적인 생산성 성장의 하락에 기인하는 바가 크다. 한편, 전남지역에서는 제조업이 상대적 지역생산성 성장에 긍정적인 기여를 하였다. 마지막으로 농림어업과 도소매업 및 음식숙박업을 제외한 서비스업종이 상대적 지역생산성의 마이너스 성장에 제동을 걸었다. 특히 호남지역 전체에서 사회, 개인, 공공 및 기타서비스업으로의 고용의 이동은 주목할 만하다. 낙후지역경제에서 서비스업의 역할이 중요하다는 것을 위의 사실로부터 추론할 수가 있을 것 갈다. 물론 제조업 투자를 통해 지역경 제의 생산성을 높일 수 있지만, 순환누적인과 모형이 함의하는 것처럼, 이는 상당한 시간이 소오 되는 일이다. 다양한 서비스업종 중에서 사회, 개인, 공공 및 기타서비스업은 주목의 대상이 된 다. 왜냐하면, 낙후지역에서 인구성장이 감소하는 추세이기 때문에 인구규모에 비례하는 도소매 업과 음식숙박업과 같은 소비자서비스업의 성장은 제한적일 수 있다. 따라서 공공부문의 재정보 조와 지원의 매개가 여전히 낙후지역 경제발전에 중요한 고리일 수밖에 없는 현실에서, 사회, 개 인, 공공 및 기타서비스업은 공공행정, 사회보장, 교육, 보건, 사회복지사업 등을 포괄하고 때문에 그 중요성이 부각될 수가 있을 것 같다.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.44-71
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• 2008

이 연구는 기업 공고연계 맞춤형 인력양성 프로그램 수료자의 경력설계 및 개발 촉진방안을 마련하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저 기업 공고연계 맞춤형 인력양성 프로그램의 개념과 관련 정책, 경력설계 및 개발 이론을 검토하고 프로그램 수료 후 어떤 경력발달이 가능한지를 구안해보았다. 그리고 아직은 수료자들이 경력설계 초기단계에 있지만 향후 자신의 경력을 개발해 나가기 위해 현재 어떻게 근무하며 성장을 위한 준비를 하고 있는 지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이 프로그램을 수료한 근로자의 근무현황과 경력설계 및 개발 실태를 설문조사한 것이다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수료근로자들은 평균적으로 기업규모가 50여명 되는 기업에서 주당 50여 시간 근로하며, 초과근무수당 포함 월100만원~120만원의 임금을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 현장실습 시 단기간의 OJT를 통해 직무에 대한 오리엔테이션을 받으며, 선배근로자(46%) 혹은 직반장들(42%)의 도움을 받아 초기 직무를 습득하고 있었다. 자신의 경력목표 달성을 위해 가장 도움이 되는 사람도 이들이라고 응답하였다. 셋째, 수료근로자들은 자신의 진로에 대하여 상당히 고민하고 있었다. 이들은 대다수가 현실적으로 실현 가능한, 그리고 자신이 선택한 맞춤프로그램과 관련된 분야에서 쌓은 경험을 유리하게 활용하여 성공하려는 목표를 가지고 있었는데, "제조생산기술자(31.7%)", "사장(30.5%)", "설계기술자(13.8%)", "연구개발기술자(12.0%)" 등의 순서로 경력개발목표를 설정하였다. 넷째, 수료근로자들은 자신의 목표 달성을 위해 다양한 노력을 기울이지 못하고 있었다. 목표 달성을 위해 하는 노력으로 가장 많이 선택한 항목은 "상사의 지시를 성실히 이행하는 것"(60.5%)이었다. 다섯째, 목표 달성에 가장 큰 장애로 예상되는 것은 시간부족(31.7%), 능력부족(30. 5%), 의지력과 지구력부족(25.6%) 등 자기 자신과 관련된 것이었다. 소수가 회사의 분위기나 가족의 후원 부족이 장애가 된다고 응답하였다.