• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2009

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have a wide range of domestic and industrial applications, but they are persistent in the environment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are among the metabolites of PFCs and occur at high concentration in the environment. Korea is the largest importer of PFC compounds in the world, therefore, the accumulation of these compounds is possible. In this study, the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were determined in water samples taken from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the Han River in Seoul, Korea. After extraction with a HLB cartridge, PFCs in the samples were analyzed by HPLC with an ion trap mass spectrometry in electrospray negative mode. Limits of detection was between 1 and 1.6 ng/l. The result showed that the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in effluent and influent of the four STPs in Seoul were 60~570 ng/l, and not detected (nd)~254 ng/l, respectively. The levels of PFOS and PFOA were higher in the effluents which passed through the treatment process than in influent water samples which was against expectation. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS in the Han River was 60~570 ng/l and nd~254 ng/l, respectively. PFOA was detected in every sample, but PFOS was only detected in the downstreams of the Han River. This result indicates that there is comprehensive contamination of PFCs in the aquatic environment in Korea.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2021

Perfluorinated compounds(PFCs), an emerging environmental pollutant, are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative organic compounds that possess a toxic impact on human health and ecosystems. PFCs are distributed widely in environment media including groundwater, surface water, soil and sediment. PFCs in contaminated solid can potentially leach into groundwater. Therefore, understanding PFCs partitioning between the aqueous phase and solid phase is important for the determination of their fate and transport in the environment. In this study, the sorption equilibrium batch and kinetic experiment of PFCs were carried out to estimated the sorption coefficient(K_d) and the fraction between aqueous-solid phase partition, respectively. Sorption branches of the PFDA(Perfluoro-n-decanoic acid), PFNA(Perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid), PFOA(Perfluoro-n-octanoic acid), PFOS(Perfluoro-1-octane sulfonic acid) and PFHxS(Perfluoro-1-hexane sulfonic acid) isotherms were nearly linear, and the estimated K_d was as follow: PFDA(1.50) > PFOS(1.49) > PFNA(0.81) > PFHxS(0.45) > PFOA(0.39). The sorption kinetics of PFDA, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS onto soil were described by a biexponential adsorption model, suggesting that a fast transport into the surface layer of soil, followed by two-step diffusion transport into the internal water and/or organic matter of soil. Shorter times(<20hr) were required to achieve equilibrium and fraction for adsorption on solid(F₁, F₂) increased with perfluorinated carbon chain length and sulfonate compounds in this study. Overall, our results suggested that not only the perfluorocarbon chain length, but also the terminal functional groups are important contributors to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between PFCs and soils, and organic matter in soils significantly affects adsorption maximum capacity than kinetic rate.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.485-494
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 어류에서 16종의 과불화합물을 분석하기 위한 최적 전처리법을 확립하고자 이온쌍 추출법(IPE)과, 액-액 추출법(LLE), 고체상 추출법(SPE), 이온쌍 + 고체상 추출법(IPE + SPE) 각각에 대하여 내부표준물질의 주입 시기를 달리하여 회수율을 비교하였다. 내부표준물질을 추출 전에 주입하는 IPE-before법이 가장 효율적인 전처리법으로 평가되었다. 추가로 RPM 및 pH 테스트를 통해 IPE-before법을 적용한 분석 전처리 효율을 더 개선할 수 있었다. 확립된 전처리법을 이용해 국내 마트에서 구입한 33개의 어류 및 어류의 간과 내장시료에서 과불화합물을 분석하였다. 16종 과불화합물의 검출범위는 ND~1.67 ng/g이었으며, 검출빈도는 100%로 나타났다. 어류의 근육부와 간, 내장을 비교 모니터링 한 결과, 간(17.8 ng/g) > 내장(13.3 ng/g) > 근육부(1.67 ng/g) 순으로 과불화합물이 검출됨을 확인하였다. 국외 선행연구 결과와 비교하였을 때, 본 연구에서의 어류의 농도는 비슷하거나 낮게 검출되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2020

Adsorption by granule activated carbon(GAC) is recognized as an efficient method for the removal of perfluorinated compounds(PFCs) in water, while the poor regeneration and exchange cycles of granule active carbon make it difficult to sustain adsorption capacity for PFCs. In this study, the behavior of PFCs in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant (S), the raw water and the effluents of drinking water treatment plants (M1 and M2) located in Nakdong river waegwan watershed was monitored. Optimal regeneration and exchange cycles was also investigated in drinking water treatment plants and lab-scale adsorption tower for stable PFCs removal. The mean effluent concentration of PFCs was 0.044 0.04 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.037 0.011 PFOA g/L, for S wastewater treatment plant, 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.013 0.008 PFOA g/L for M1 drinking water treatment plant and 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.01 PFOS g/L, 0.011 0.009 PFOA g/L for M2 drinking water treatment plant. The adsorption breakthrough behaviors of PFCs in GAC of drinking water treatment plant and lab-scale adsorption tower indicated that reactivating carbon 3 times per year suggested to achieve and maintain good removal of PFASs. Considering the results of mass balance, the adsorption amount of PFCs was improved by using GAC with high-specific surface area (2,500㎡/g), so that the regeneration cycle might be increased from 4 months to 10 months even if powdered activated carbon(PAC) could be alternatives. This study provides useful insights into the removal of PFCs in drinking water treatment plant.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 유통되는 다양한 식품을 효율적인 방법으로 전처리하고 LC-MS/MS를 이용해 식품 내 PFCs의 분석법을 확립할 목적으로 실시되었다. 109건의 식품을 지방과 단백질의 함량에 따라 두 그룹으로 나누고, 각각의 시료를 분취하여 혼합한 시료를 사용하였다. 지방과 단백질의 함량이 높은 혼합시료는 효소처리와 헥세인 추출을 한 후 ion-pairing방법으로 전처리 후 분석을 실시하였으며, 17 종의 PFCs에 대한 검출한계 값은 0.013-0.145 ng/mL 였고, 두 그룹의 정확도와 정밀도는 각각 Group 1이 78.8-109.8, 0.8-21.1%, Group 2가 80-114.5, 1.7-28.2% 범위를 보여 안정적인 회수율과 정밀도를 보였다. 본 결과로 볼 때 고지방, 고단백질 식품 중 PFCs의 검출에는 효소처리 및 헥세인 처리가 효과적이었으며, 식품 중 지방과 단백질 함량에 따라 전처리 방법을 결정하는 것이 분석의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구결과를 통해 추후 국내 유통되는 다양한 식품 내 PFCs의 분석을 위한 전처리 방법으로 적용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.171-174
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• 2017

Non-hydrolyzable fluorinated organosilicon compounds as an eletrolyte for the application of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are synthesized. New synthetic method for the perfluorinated organosilicon compound containing spacer such as ethyl and propyl group with cyano moiety instead of ethylene glycol to prevent hydrolysis and to promote conductivity are developed in one pot reaction with moderately high yield. Air-sensitive boron trifluoride etherate is no longer required in this reaction. The products are characterized by spectroscopic analysis.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 2013

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) is a new persistent organic pollutants of substantial environmental concern. This study investigated the potential of magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX$^{(R)}$) as the adsorbent for the removal of PFOA and PFOS from Nakdong River water. In our batch experiments, we studied the effect of some parameters (pH, temperature, sulfate concentration) on the removal of PFOA and PFOS. The results of sorption kinetics on MIEX$^{(R)}$ show that it takes 90 min to reach equilibrium but the economical contact time and dosage were 30 min and 10 mL/L. An increase in pH (pH 6~10) leads to a decrease in PFOA (2.0%) and PFOS (3.6%) sorption on MIEX$^{(R)}$. The sorption of both PFOA and PFOS decreases with an increase in ionic strength for sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$), due to the competition phenomenon. An increase in water temperature ($8^{\circ}C{\sim}28^{\circ}C$) in water leads to a increase in PFOA (2.8%) and PFOS (4.3%) sorption on MIEX$^{(R)}$. Based on the sorption behaviors and characteristics of the adsorbents and adsorbates, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction were deduced to be involved in the sorption, and hemi-micelles possibly formed in the intraparticle pores.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.3727-3734
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• 2012

An analytical method has been developed for the rapid determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in human serum samples. The extraction and purification of PFCs from human serum were performed by the modified method of previous report. Ten PFCs were rapidly separated within 3.3 min by C18-monolithic column liquid chromatography (LC) and detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in negative ion mode. The runtime of PFCs on monolithic column LC was up to 4-fold faster than that on conventional column LC. The effect of triethylamine (TEA) to the mobile phase has investigated on the overall MS detection sensitivity of PFCs in ESI ionization. Quantification was performed by LC-MS/MS in multiple-ion reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, using $^{13}C$-labeled internal standards. Method validation was performed to determine recovery, linearity, precision, and limits of quantification, followed by, the analysis of a standard reference material (SRM 1957 from NIST). The overall recoveries ranged between 81.5 and 106.3% with RSDs of 3.4 to 16.2% for the entire procedure. The calibration range extended from 0.33 to 50 $ng\;mL^{-1}$, with a correlation coefficient ($R^2$) greater than 0.995 and the limits of quantification with 0.08 to 0.46 $ng\;mL^{-1}$. This approach can be used for rapid and sensitive quantitative analysis of 10 PFCs in human serum with high performance and accuracy.

• 공업화학
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 반도체 제조 공정에서 발생되는 과불화화합물을 고온 플라즈마를 활용하여 분해하고자 하였고, 분해 특성을 조사하였다. 실험에 사용된 PFCs 가스는 200 L/min의 유량에 농도 5,000 ppm으로 주입하였다. 인입 전력에 따른 분해 효율 분석 결과 $CF_4$ 및 $SF_6$ 모두 12.8 kW의 전력에서 최고 효율을 나타내었고 그 이상의 전력에서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. PFCs의 재결합 방지를 위한 반응수 주입 실험 결과 약 14 mL/min의 유량에서 최고 효율을 나타내었으며 14 mL/min을 기준으로 유량이 증가하거나 감소함에 따라 모두 처리효율이 감소하였다. 연구 결과 고온 플라즈마를 활용한 PFCs의 분해 특성을 파악할 수 있었고 또한 반도체 제조 공정에서 발생하는 PFCs 및 온실가스에 처리에 대한 기초를 마련하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.326-334
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• 2012

본 연구는 최근 수 환경에서의 과불화화합물의 배출원 중 하나로 인식되고 있는 폐수처리장을 대상으로 이들 물질의 처리 공정별 물질량 흐름 및 거동을 예측하고자 수행되었다. 시료채취는 여름철과 겨울철에 유입수, 중화조유출수, 1차침전지 유출수, 포기조 유출수, 2차 침전지 유출수, 최종 방류수, 탈수여액, 1차 슬러지, 농축슬러지, 탈수 슬러지를 각각 3일간 채취하였으며, 채취한 후 동일한 비율로 혼합하여 분석용 시료로 하였다. 총 10개 물질을 대상물질로 하여 분석한 결과, 물 시료 중 농도는 PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate)가 N.D.~26.29 ng/L, PFOA (perfluorooctanoate)가 N.D.~38.15 ng/L로 검출되었으며 기타 PFNA (Perfluorononanoate)가 N.D.~36.79 ng/L, PFHxS (perfluorohexanesulfonate)가 N.D.~24.36 ng/L로 나타났다. 슬러지 시료의 경우, PFOS가 6.82~59.37 ng/g, PFOA가 0.13~0.37 ng/g, PFDS (perfluorodecanesulfonate)가 N.D.~0.83 ng/g으로 검출되었다. 각 처리 공정별 물질량 흐름을 관찰한 결과, 과불화화합물의 대부분이 유입되는 양보다 유출되는 양이 더 많은 것으로 나타났는데 이는 전구물질들이 처리공정을 거치면서 생물학적 분해에 의해 과불화화합물의 발생원으로서 작용하고 있기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.