• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.49-52
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• 2009

Perception of sweet compounds is important for animals to detect external carbohydrate source of calories and plays a crucial role in feeding behavior of animals. Recent progress in molecular genetic studies provides evidence for a candidate receptor (heterodimers with taste receptor type 1 member 2 and 3: T1R2/T1R3), and major downstream transduction molecules required for sweet taste signaling. Several studies demonstrated that the sweet taste signal can be modulated by a satiety hormone, leptin, through its receptors expressed in a subset of sweet-sensitive taste cells. Increase of internal energy storage in the adipose tissue leads to increase in the plasma leptin level which can reduce activities of sweet-sensitive cells. In human, thus, diurnal variation of plasma leptin level parallels variation of taste recognition thresholds for sweet compounds. This leptin modulation of sweet taste sensitivity may influence individuals' preference, ingestive behavior, and absorption of nutrients, thereby plays important roles in regulation of energy homeostasis.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low-intensity direct current to cortical areas, thereby facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. This study was designed to investigate changes in various sensory functions after tDCS. We conducted a single-center, single-blinded, randomized trial to determine the effect of a single session of tDCS with the current perception threshold (CPT) in 50 healthy volunteers. Nerve conduction studies were performed in relation to the median sensory and motor nerves on the dominant hand to discriminate peripheral nerve lesions. The subjects received anodal tDCS with 1 mA for 15 minutes under two different conditions, with 25 subjects in each groups: the conditions were as follows tDCS on the primary motor cortex (M1) and sham tDCS on M1. We recorded the parameters of the CPT a with Neurometer$^{(R)}$ at frequencies of 2000, 250, and 5 Hz in the dominant index finger to assess the tactile sense, fast pain and slow pain, respectively. In the test to measure CPT values of the M1 in the tDCS group, the values of the distal part of the distal interphalangeal joint of the second finger statistically increased in all of 2000 Hz (p=.000), 250 Hz (p=.002), and 5 Hz (p=.008). However, the values of the sham tDCS group decreased in all of 2000 Hz (p=.285), 250 Hz (p=.552), and 5 Hz (p=.062), and were not statistically significant. These results show that M1 anodal tDCS can modulate sensory perception and pain thresholds in healthy adult volunteers. The study suggests that tDCS may be a useful strategy for treating central neurogenic pain in rehabilitation medicine.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.819-830
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• 2009

MMORPG 게임이나 가상환경에서 대규모 군중이 등장할 때 군중을 구성하는 수많은 캐릭터들을 신속하고 편리하게 생성하기 위한 방법론으로서 캐릭터 외형과 동작의 복제가 제시되고 있다. McDonnell[1] 등은 인지실험을 통해 사용자가 동작보다 얼굴 모양, 상의, 하의 등 신체의 외형 변화에 민감하게 반응한다는 결과를 보였다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 게임 환경에서 중요한 역할을 하는 캐릭터 아이템과 군중 이동 패턴의 2가지 요소를 이용하여 캐릭터를 복제하는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법을 이론적으로 검증하기 위하여 인지심리학 분야의 지각체제화 개념을 도입하고 아이템에 다양한 형태와 색상 및 패턴 요소, 장착 위치 및 복잡도를 적용함으로써 아이템을 통한 군중의 다양화가 가능함을 보였다. 또한, 다중 캐릭터 복제 쌍의 이동 방향과 상대적인 거리, 군중 속에 존재하는 그룹의 규모, 그룹간의 거리 등에 따라 변화하는 사용자의 인지를 실험하여 캐릭터의 허용 가능한 복제 범위를 제시한다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2015

Purpose: Thermal sensory test as an essential part of quantitative sensory testing (QST) has been recognized as a useful tool in the evaluation of the trigeminal nerve function. Normative data in the orofacial region have been reported but the data on differences in the test site, sex and ethnicity are still insufficient. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the normal range of orofacial thermal QST data in the healthy Korean women, and assess sex difference of thermal perception in the orofacial regions. Methods: Thermal QST was conducted on 20 healthy women participants (mean age, 26.4 years; range, 21 to 34 years). The thermal thresholds (cold detection threshold, CDT; warm detection threshold, WDT; cold pain threshold, CPT; and heat pain threshold, HPT) were measured bilaterally at the 5 trigeminal sites (the forehead, cheek, mentum, lower lip and tongue tip). The normative thermal thresholds of women in the orofacial region were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and compared with the previously reported data from age- and site-matched 30 healthy men (mean age, 26.1 years; range, 23 to 32 years) using two-way ANOVA. One experienced operator performed the tests of both sexes and all tests were done in the same condition except the time variability. Results: Women showed significant site differences for the CDT (p<0.001), WDT (p<0.001), and HPT (p=0.047) in the orofacial region. The CDT (p<0.001) and the CPT (p=0.007) presented significant sex difference unlike the WDT and the HPT. Conclusions: The thermal sensory evaluation in the orofacial region should be considered in the context of site and sex and the normative data in this study could be useful for assessment of the sensory abnormalities in the clinical setting.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2019

Purpose: Patients with taste complaints presenting with various abnormal perceptions and alterations in gustatory function are often encountered in dental clinics. Since taste perception is thought to be influenced by numerous factors including neurological and psychological factors, the gustatory profiles of patients complaining of taste abnormalities should be very different. However, the gustatory profiles based on the clinical subtypes of taste complaints have not been fully studied. This study aimed to better understand the gustatory profiles depending on the clinical subtypes of taste complaints. Methods: Clinical data from 169 patients with complaints of altered taste were retrospectively collected to analyse their clinical and gustatory profiles. These complaints were subdivided into hypergeusia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia for each taste quality according to the clinical types of these complaints. The gustatory profiles were then established by analysing the detection and recognition thresholds for each taste quality depending on the clinical subtypes of taste complaints. Results: Clinical analysis revealed that patients with taste complaints had widely diverse clinical profiles. There were significant differences between males and females with taste complaints in the prevalence rates of symptoms like dry mouth, tongue coating, and burning sensation. While hypogeusia (76.3%) was the most frequent type of taste complaint, it was revealed that the taste thresholds were not always consistent with the patient's description of gustatory symptoms. Conclusions: Patients with taste complaints exhibited diverse clinical profiles with sex differences. Considering the diversity of the taste complaints, the quantitative gustatory testing methods can be valuable to differentially evaluate the presence and intensity of altered taste in patients with these complaints.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 1994

저자들은 동통을 가진 신체형장애 환자들에서 물리적인 외부자극에 대한 지각과 외부자극에 따른 언어행동의 관계성을 파악하기 위해서 본 연구를 시행하였다. 환자 34명 (남 10, 여 24)과 건강대조군 37명 (남 19, 여 18)을 대상으로, 물리 적 자극에 대한 지각도의 측정은 압통역치 측정기(algometer)를 이용하였으며, 감정표현능력의 측정은 Toronto Alexithymia Scale을 이용하였다. 한편 신체증상의 정도와 부모-자녀 결합형태검사를 시행하였다. 전체환자의 81.4%는 6개월이상 증상을 지속적으로 많이 호소하는 만성화 특성을 보였다. 그리고 alexithymia의 정도, 신체증상 호소정도, 압통역치가 모두 환자군에서 유의하게 높았다. 그리고 환자군의 44.1%는 alexithymia라고 할 수 있었다. 한편 압통역치와 alexithymia간에 유의한 상관성은 없었다. 결론적으로, 동통을 가진 신체형장애환자들이 정상인에 비해 외부 동통자극에 덜 민감하며, 이는 병의 만성화와 관련되는 것 같다. 이들은 또 외부자극에 따른 적절한 감정표현능력도 떨어져 있는 경우가 많은데, 이것은 신체화의 한 조건이 되며, 한편으로는 정신치료적 접근을 방해하는 한 요소가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Diabetes and Metabolism Journal
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.519-528
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• 2018

Background: Clinical manifestations of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) vary along the course of nerve damage. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) have been suggested as a way to confirm diagnoses of DPN, but the results have limited utility for evaluating clinical phenotypes. The current perception threshold (CPT) is a complementary method for diagnosing DPN and assessing DPN symptoms. We compared NCS variables according to clinical phenotypes determined by CPT measurements. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent both NCS and CPT tests using a neurometer. CPT grades were used to determine the clinical phenotypes of DPN: normoesthesia (0 to 1.66), hyperesthesia (1.67 to 6.62), and hypoesthesia/anesthesia (6.63 to 12.0). The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) was used to determine a subjective symptom score. DPN was diagnosed based on both patient symptoms (MNSI score ${\geq}3$) and abnormal NCS results. Results: A total of 202 patients (117 men and 85 women) were included in the final analysis. The average age was 62.6 years, and 71 patients (35.1%) were diagnosed with DPN. The CPT variables correlated with MNSI scores and NCS variables in patients with diabetes. Linear regression analyses indicated that hypoesthesia was associated with significantly lower summed velocities and sural amplitudes and velocities, and higher summed latencies, than normoesthesia. Sural amplitude was significantly lower in patients with hyperesthesia than in patients with normoesthesia. Conclusion: NCS variables differed among patients with diabetes according to clinical phenotypes based on CPT and decreased sural nerve velocities was associated with hyperesthesia.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

A team of researchers and practitioners were recently assembled to prepare a monograph on "Wind-Induced Motion of Tall Buildings: Designing for Habitability". This monograph presents a state-of-the-art report of occupant response to wind-induced building motion and acceptability criteria for wind-excited tall buildings. It provides background information on a range of pertinent subjects, including: ${\bullet}$ Physiological, psychological and behavioural traits of occupant response to wind-induced building motion; ${\bullet}$ A summary of investigations and findings of human response to real and simulated building motions based on field studies and motion simulator experiments; ${\bullet}$ A review of serviceability criteria to assess the acceptability of wind-induced building motion adopted by international and country-based standards organizations; ${\bullet}$ General acceptance guidelines of occupant response to wind-induced building motion based on peak acceleration thresholds; and ${\bullet}$ Mitigation strategies to reduce wind-induced building motion through structural optimization, aerodynamic treatment and vibration dissipation/absorption. This monograph is to be published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and equips building owners and tall building design professionals with a better understanding of the complex nature of occupant response to and acceptability of wind-induced building motion. This paper is a brief summary of the works reported in the monograph.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.570-595
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• 2017

Robust and perceptually-adaptive image watermarking algorithms have mainly targeted gray-scale images either at the modeling or embedding levels despite the widespread availability of color images. Only few of the existing algorithms are specifically designed for color images where color correlation and perception are constructively exploited. In this paper, a new perceptual and high-capacity color image watermarking solution is proposed based on the extension of Tsui et al. algorithm. The $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ space and the spatio-chromatic Fourier transform (SCFT) are combined along with a perceptual model to hide watermarks in color images where the embedding process reconciles between the conflicting requirements of digital watermarking. The perceptual model, based on an emerging color image model, exploits the non-uniform just-noticeable color difference (NUJNCD) thresholds of the $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ space. Also, spread-spectrum techniques and semi-random low-density parity check codes (SR-LDPC) are used to boost the watermark robustness and capacity. Unlike, existing color-based models, the data hiding capacity of our scheme relies on a game-theoretic model where upper bounds for watermark embedding are derived. Finally, the proposed watermarking solution outperforms existing color-based watermarking schemes in terms of robustness to standard image/color attacks, hiding capacity and imperceptibility.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2023

We present a case report of a 52-year-old male patient who suffered head trauma in a car accident and subsequently experienced taste and smell disorders. Following the accident, the patient reported difficulty detecting salty and sour tastes and diminished olfactory perception. Neurosurgical evaluation revealed subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages, while otolaryngology investigations revealed hyposmia-a decreased sense of smell. Upon referral to the Department of Oral Medicine, a comprehensive assessment revealed a general bilateral reduction in taste sensation, particularly ageusia for salty taste. Electric taste-detection thresholds significantly exceeded the normal ranges. Integrating our findings from neurosurgery, otolaryngology, and oral medicine resulted in a diagnosis of mixed chemosensory disorder attributed to head trauma. This case highlights the intricate interplay of alterations in taste and smell following head injury, emphasizing the significance of multidisciplinary evaluations in diagnosing mixed chemosensory disorders resulting from traumatic brain injury.