• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper analyzes the economic and non-economic factors that contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing CO₂ emissions, based on G20 panel data. Design/methodology - We conduct a comparative analysis of advanced and developing economies during 1995-2016. To examine the impact, an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model was employed, incorporating additional explanatory variables such as internet use, renewable energy, and services trade. Findings - The empirical findings show the existence of an inverted U-shaped EKC phenomenon between GDP per capita and CO₂ emissions in G20 economies, with the turning point at a per capita GDP level of US$ 38,340. Moreover, an inverted U-shape relation exists between internet use and CO₂ emissions, with the turning point at a 44% internet use rate. The comparative analysis show that the inverted U-shape curve only exits in advanced economies, with turning points of US$ 42,356 per capita GDP and 27% internet use rate, respectively. Renewable energy and services trade have a greater negative impact on CO₂ emissions in advanced economies than in developing economies. Originality/value - Renewable energy and services trade have a greater negative impact on CO₂ emissions in advanced economies than in developing economies. Overall, the results suggest the role of internet use, renewable energy and services trade in sustainable development in G20 countries.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.185-198
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of performance-related pay on gender labor productivity differences theoretically and empirically. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzes the Principal-Agent model in which a firm employes many male and female workers under moral hazard, and uses large survey data from Survey of Business Activities of MDIS (MicroData Integrated Service) in Korea. The fixed-effect model is employed in order to analyze the data. Findings - The theoretical result is that, after performance-related pay is offered to workers, the effect of performance-related pay on gender productivity is determined by whether the female ratio within firm affects firm's performance(such as revenue and profit) per capita. The empirical result is that, before performance-related pay is provided for all workers, the firm's female ratio does not affect firm's revenue and profit per capita at all, but after it is offered, the female ratio positively affects firm's performance per capita. Research implications or Originality - Fixed pay does not bring about the difference between male and female productivity, but performance-related pay affects female productivity more positively than male productivity in Korean firms. It means that female workers are more sensitive to incentives than men in Korea.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.155-182
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• 1997

Objectives : This study was designed to compare North Korea and South Korea in measures of the quality of life (physical quality of life index and human development index) and to investigate the impact of selected medical and socioeconomic factors on PQL variables. Data and Methods : The World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and Population Reference Bureau were the principal sources of statistical data of 121 countries. Variables included infant mortality, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, secondary school enrollment (male and female), GNP per capita, population per doctor, daily calorie supply per capita, and a composite PQL index. The Ordinary Least Square model was employed for cross-countries analysis. Findings : Both countries under quite different political and economic systems saw big improvememts in the quality of life, reducing mortality and prolonging life expectancy during the past three decades. In recent decad, however, North Korea has experienced abrupt exacerbation in the quality of life. Significant improvements in infant mortality of the population wer attributable mainly to GNP per capita and the secondary school enrollemt of female. The principal predictors of life expectancy at birth were population per doctor, infant mortality, and literacy rate. The secondary school enrollment of female and population per doctor were significantly associated with improvements in the physical quality of life index (PQLI). Conclusion : The results of this study confirmed a point illustrated by other studies : The association between quality of life as a measure of health status and socioeconomic factors was strong and positive. The important contribution of educational attainment in general, female education level in particular to improvements in the quality of life deserves good news for building an integrated health care system in the reunified Korea, taking into account the high level of education two koreas are enjoying. Meanwhile, when a sharp drop in the quality of life has been observed in North Korea under serious economic difficulties and food shortage in recent decade, the significant contribution of economic development to improvements in the quality of life poses bad nows for reunifying Korean health care in economic terms.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-17
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.89-106
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• 2013

In this paper, we analysed the absolute and conditional convergency hypothesis and the determinants of productivity in manufacturing industries from 2000 to 2009 with 16 provinces and metro-cities by using panel analysis. In terms of convergency hypothesis test, the results show that both of the convergency hypothesis, the absolute vs. conditional hypothesis, reject the null hypothesis(H0) implying the labor productivity of the 16 province and metro-cities converged to the steady state equilibrium. Also, the speed of the absolute and conditional convergency for the 16 province and metro-cities are average 4.4% and 0.73% respectively. In addition, the results of the determinants of the labor productivity in manufacturing industry show that human capital and manufacturing location coefficient affect to the value- added per capita significantly, but government expenditure per capita doesn't affect to the value- added per capita. As for the total factor productivity, government expenditure per capita and fixed capital per capita are important factors, but research and development doesn't. Hence the government has to revise the balanced regional development policy to develop regional manufacturing industries for the vulnerable regions. Also, it requires more study regarding income disparities and productivity.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.693-710
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• 2022

Social interest in occupational safety and health is increasing due to ESG management and the implementation of the Serious Accidents Punishment Act. This study examines the current status of occupational accidents, which is the safety level of energy companies, and the impact of occupational accidents on the management performance (sales per capita, operating profit per capita, operating margin per capita) of energy companies over the period of 2015 to 2021 was empirically analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the level of occupational accidents in the 157 energy companies to be analyzed was lower than the occupational injury accident rate in Korea, but the disease rate was high.As a result of analyzing the impact of occupational accidents on management performance, it is estimated that an increase in the occupational accident rate reduces per capita sales, per capita operating profit, and gross margin rate.Through this study, the vulnerability of energy companies to occupational accidents was confirmed, and the direct and indirect costs of occupational accidents quantified the negative impact on management performance.Referring to the results of this study, energy companies should strengthen their efforts to prevent occupational accidents by increasing investment in safety and health to protect the lives of valuable workers and create sustainable business performance.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the typical composition of food waste from municipal solid wastes (MSW) and unit food waste generation rates from different sources in the model cities and to study the food waste management system from unit household to composting facilities. The annual average food waste composition of MSW was determined as 49% in Taejon and 52% in Chungnam Province, respectively. No big difference in food waste composition was found among the different sources. Since the paper waste generally occupied the half of food waste, over 75% of MSW was found to be compostable or biodegradable. Per capita food waste generation rate, 200~250g/capita day was determined by the direct measurement from 32 households, while 380g/capita day for Chungnam Province and 400 g/capita day for Taejon were estimated by the load count analysis In the sanitary landfills. This difference means people contribute generating food waste at outside house approximately twice as much as that at inside house. Per capita food waste generation rates from several sources were determined as follows; 166~215g/capita day at municipalities, 400g/visitor day at a first class hotel, 170g/student day at a university restaurant. Food waste generation from restaurant was strongly dependant upon it's level or quality; 670g/capita day at the high level restaurant, 190g/capita day at the middle class and 60 g/capita day at the lower class restaurant. The food waste reduction rate in a In situ fermentor showed 30~40g/kg day.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.194-195
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• 1982

Recommendaton: These are the highlights of the findings of the Timber Consumption Survey carried out by the Project in 1966, and covering consumption for the period from 1961 to 1965. The survey was oriented towards consumption for structural, commercial and industrial purposes and existing estimates for local (village-level) consumption as fuel and the like were adopted. A full report on the survey was submitted to the Bureau of Forestry in 1966. Long-term Trends: After allowance for anticipated population increase, this ten year's increase in industrial wood consumption represents a gain of about 30% in per capita consumption (from 0.0913 cu.m. per capita to 0.118 cu.m. per capita). This is only about half the expected general economic growth of about 75% (7% per annum). It is therefore likely (a) that the 1975 estimate is conservative, (b) that the consumption demand beyond 1975 may be expected to build up at a greatly increased rate. Estimated income elasticity coefficients are high, and with expected ir,creases in prosperity and population, the consumption is expected to rise to 10 million cu. meters by the year 2,000. Consumption Pattern: The breakdown of industrial consumption (1965) is given in Table 4-2, showing sawnwood consumption as the most important in 1965. The upward trend in all sectors over the 1961-65 period is expected to continue. The general consumption pattern is expected to change through 1975 with a sharp increase in the relative importance of pulp products (to 30% of total consumption) offset by declining relative importance of sawlogs. The following recommendations follow from the study: (i) Industrial forests. - A programme of establishment of consolidated industrial forests should be initiated as a matter of urgency. (ii) Fuelwood forests - Properly sited, protected and managed fuelwood forest, worked on a 20-year rotation, should be established as a nation wide basis. (iii) Hardwood utilization - Detailed investigations are required into the use of indigenous hardwoods for the pulp, particle board and hardboard industries. (iv) Mining timber - Preservation treatment of all mining timber should be enforced by law. (v) Sawmills - Licencing restrictions should be enforced to reduce the number of small, inefficient sawmills. b. Extension work should be undertaken bv government to improve sawmilling practices.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 1983

The estimation of the nutritional requirements at the national or population level has a great difficulty in calculating the cumulative effects of the several variables, i. e. age, sex, weight activity, etc., in order to adapt nutrient requirements to the condition of a country or to a population group. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group on nutrient requirements had proposed a simpler model, an average daily per capita nutritional requirements that will enable the different parameters to incorporated in a single calculation table. The average daily per caita nutritional requirements for Korean-1982 calculated by this proposed method are as follows : energy, 2,200 kcal ; protein, 70g : calcium, 0.72g ; iron, 14mg; vitamin A, 1,900 IU ; ascorbic acid, 50mg ; thiamin, 0.9mg ; riboflavin, 1.2mg ; niacin equivalent, 15mg. The average daily per capita nutritional requirements would be used to assess the adequacy of the national dietary intakes and provide basic information for the establishment of national food production and consumption policies and the planning of programmes aiming at an adequate and equitable distribution of food supplies. On a different levels, they would be used widely in the planning of diets for a specific population group, and also provide important reference information for the epidemiology study of nutritional deficiencies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.549-559
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• 2006

The present study determined the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intake per capita of Korean from 1991 to 2001 and analyzed the major food sources of dietary fiber for Korean using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the Korean National (Health and) Nutrition Survey Reports and the recently established DF database by the Korean Nutrition Society. The estimated mean daily DF intakes of Korean during the last 11 years $(1991{\sim}2001)$ were in the range of $19.25{\sim}21.22\;g\;or\;9.97{\sim}11.99\;g/1,000\;kcal$ with a small range of fluctuations. As of 2001, average DF intake per capita of Korean was estimated as 20.92 g or 10.59 g/1,000 kcal. The average DF intake level was under the Adequate Intake for DF (12 g per 1,000 kcal) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans established in 2005. The level of DF intake was relatively lower in small city residents compared to the large city or rural area. The top two major food group sources of DF for Korean were vegetables and cereals, in addition, legumes, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings were included among top five food groups. The ratio of DF intake from fruits was gradually increased but the ratio from legumes was steadily decreased during the last 11 years. The mostly contributed single foods for DF intakes of Korean were Kimchi and rice regardless of year and area. Percentage of DF intake from top ten single foods was continuously decreased from 65% in 1991 to 51 % in 2001. The results of this study revealed that DF intakes of Korean as of 2001 is insufficient compared to the Adequate Intake for DF for Korean and the source of fiber in Korean diet has been more various. Therefore the beneficial health effects of DF and the increased consumption of DF from a variety of food sources should be continuously emphasized through the nutritional education.