• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.58-60
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance. In both studies, ISA Brown layers were kept in laying hen cages and treatments were represented by three or four replicates each containing 25 or 34 birds. In Experiment 1, the control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein - low Ca diet and low energy/protein - high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were significantly reduced(P＜0.05) compared to C group, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. In the second study, C and T1 groups were fed the diets same to the C and T2 groups in Experiment 1, respectively. And T2 group was fed the diet mixed with the split diets for a.m. in mash and p.m. in pellet used in T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P＜0.05), while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(P＜0.05) in T1 and T2, while the ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C group. In both study, eggshell qualities were improved(P＜0.05) by split diet feeding. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m., and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets was also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2013

We demonstrate enhanced growth, innate immunity and protection against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced protein oxidation and cellular DNA damage in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed a chitosan-coated moist pallet (MP) diet. A chitosan-based biopolymer coated MP as the experimental diet and a non-coated MP (control) was fed to olive flounder fish. Growth, including the average weight gain (g/fish), weight gain (%) and feed intake (g) of the fish group fed a chitosan-coated MP diet increased significantly. The survival rate was reported as 100% throughout the experimental period. Immunological parameters indicated higher mucus lysozyme activity and significantly higher fish skin mucus total protein content was observed in fish fed the chitosan-coated MP diet compared to the control. A blood plasma analysis revealed attenuation of cellular DNA and protein oxidative damage caused by $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in the fish fed the chitosan-coated MP diet compared to the control group. Moreover, blood serum biochemical analysis revealed health-promoting effects, including significantly higher hemoglobin and total cholesterol levels in the fish fed the chitosan-coated MP diet compared to the control group. In conclusion, growth, innate immunity and protection against oxidative stresses were improved by feeding of the chitosan-coated MP diet to olive flounder reared in aquaculture.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.206-211
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• 1983

한국(韓國)에서 사육(飼育)되고 있는 닭의 육용종(肉用種)과 난용종(卵用種)의 초생추(初生雛 )를 공시동물(供試動物)로 하여 사료(飼料)의 조성분(組成分)과 배합률(配合率)이 동일(同一)한 pellet사료(飼料)와 all-mash사료(飼料)를 급여(給與)하여 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)과 증체량(增體量) 및 대사(代謝)에너지와 질소축적률(窒素蓄積率)의 차이(差異)를 측정(測定)하여 pellet사료(飼料)를 급여(給與)함으로써 사료(飼料)의 효율적(效率的) 이용(利用)을 기대(期待)한 본(本) 시험(試驗)의 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 각(各) 주별(週別) 1 수당(首當) 평균(平均) 증체량(增體量)은 5주령(週令)부터 pellet구(區)가 높아졌는데, 9주령(週令)에서 평균(平均) 1 수당(首當) 체중(體重)은 Hubbard의 pellet구(區)가 2,702g이었고 all-mash구(區)는 2,571g으로 pellet구(區)가 131g 더 증체(增體)되었고, Hy-line을 pellet구(區)와 all-mash구(區)가 각각(各各) 812g과 777g으로 전자(前者)가 35g 더 증체(增體)되어 pellet 사료(飼料)를 급여(給與)한 구(區)가 증체율(增體率)이 높은 결과(結果)였다. 2. 9주간(週間)의 1 수당(首當) 사료섭취총량(飼料攝取總量)은 pellet구(區)가 all-mash구(區)에 비(比)하여 육용종(肉用種)은 69g, 난용종(卵用種)은 75g을 더 섭취(攝取)하였다. 이 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)에 의(依)해서 9주령(週令)까지의 사료효율(飼料效率)을 보면 육용종(肉用種)의 pellet구(區)는 0.38, all-mash구(區)는 0.36이며, 난용종(卵用種)은 0.26과 0.25로 pellet구(區)가 약간(若干) 높았다. 음수량(飮水量)은 난용종(卵用種)에 있어서 pellet구(區)가 all-mash구(區)보다 많았다. 3. 분뇨(糞尿)의 배설량(排泄量)도 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)과 같이 pellet구(區)가 약간(若干) 많았고 질소(窒素)의 섭취율(攝取率)은 육용종(肉用種)이 57~67%였으며 난용종(卵用種)은 65~73% 였는데 두 품종(品種)이 다 같이 pellet구(區)가 all-mash구(區)보다 1~4% 정도(程度) 개선(改善)되는 것을 인정(認定)하였다. 4. 대사(代謝)에너지의 효율(效率)은 8주령(週令)에서 육용종(肉用種)이 73.4~74.3%였고 난용종(卵用種)은 82.8~83.8%로서 pellet구(區)가 1%정도(程度) 높았다. 5. 생산(生産)에너지를 호흡시험(呼吸試驗)에 의(依)해서 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)는 대사체중당(代謝體重當) 발생열량(發生熱量)이 pellet구(區)에서 94.1~102.6kcal였고 all-mash구(區)는 106.1~112.6kcal였으며 생산(生産)에너지의 효율(效率)도 41.3~48.9%와 39.0~45.8%로 pellet구(區)가 약(約) 2~3%정도(程度) 높은 것을 인정(認定)하였다. 6. 본(本) 시험(試驗)의 결과(結果)에 의(依)해서 사료(飼料)를 pelleting함으로써 얻을 수 있는 효과(效果)는 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)과 증체량(增體量)이 증가(增加)되었으며 사료효율(飼料效率)도 높아지고 대사(代謝)에너지와 생산(生産)에너지의 이용율(利用率)도 높아지는 것을 인정(認定)하였다. 그러나 pellet사료(飼料)와 all-mash 사료(飼料)의 급여(給與)가 열량증가(熱量增加)의 차이(差異)에 어떤 mechanism으로 영향(影響)하는지는 앞으로 계속(繼續)해서 구명(究明)할 필요(必要)가 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2010

Thirty-six Najdi ram lambs, weighing an average of 24 kg and circa 3 months old, were utilized in this trial to evaluate the effects of various alfalfa hay particle lengths in the diet on growth performance, digestion coefficients, nitrogen retention and carcass characteristics. Lambs were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments: 9.5 and 14 mm diets, where alfalfa hay was processed to 9.5 and 14 mm particle lengths, respectively, mixed with 3 parts of concentrate and pelleted as a total mixed ration (TMR), and long hay diet, where one part of loose alfalfa hay (17.8${\pm}$2.4 cm) was offered in combination with 3 parts of only-concentrate pellet. All dietary treatments were homogeneous in their ingredient composition. All lambs were slaughtered after a 14-week feeding trial. Although the results showed no significant effect of hay particle length on DMI, TDN and DCP, lambs fed the 9.5 mm pelleted diet had higher (p<0.05) final body weight, ADG, gain efficiency and nitrogen retention than lambs fed the 14 mm and long hay diets. Altering the particle length of alfalfa hay in diets did not affect the digestibility of DM or CP, whereas digestibilities of ADF and NDF were 3.7% and 5.4% higher (p<0.05), respectively, for the long hay diet versus the 9.5 mm pelleted diet. Hot carcass weight, percentage of separable lean from the $9-11^{th}$ rib joint, and percentages of protein and EE in the separable lean increased (p<0.05) as the particle length of alfalfa hay in the diet decreased. Under the conditions of this study, the reduction of particle length in the TMR played an important role in enhancing performance without altering DM consumption, and this may lead to more efficient productivity of lamb fattening compared with longer chopping lengths.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feed particle size and feed form on growth performance, nutrient metabolizability and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. This experiment was a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement including two feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and two feed forms (mash and pellet). A total of two hundred and eighty eight day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were used in this six week experiment. Birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and twelve birds per replicate. The results showed that pelleting diets resulted in greater ADG (p<0.01), greater ADFI (p<0.01) and lower feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p<0.05) during starter, grower and overall period. Also, pelleting improved both apparent metabolizable energy (AME) (p<0.01) and the apparent metabolizability of crude protein (p<0.05) and organic matter (p<0.05) regardless of the phase. Reduction of feed particle size enhanced AME (p<0.05) during d 19 to 21. Increased villus height (p<0.05) and crypt depth ratio (p< 0.05) within duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were observed in birds fed the pellet diet compared with those given the mash diet. In conclusion, results indicated that feed pellets might enhance performance by improving nutrient metabolizability and digestive tract development.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.164-169
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of a 12-day, soft pellet (SP) diet with a 3-h restricted feeding schedule on caloric intake, body weight, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Glucose and insulin levels were measured pre-, mid-, and post-feeding. The SP rats exhibited postprandial hyperglycemia compared to rats fed control pellets (CP). The insulin response of SP rats during a meal was significantly higher than that of CP rats. There were no significant differences in the hepatic triacylglycerol contents and lipogenesis gene mRNA levels of SP and CP rats. However, the hepatocytes of SP rats were slightly hypertrophic. In addition, histological analysis revealed that the pancreases of SP rats had more islet areas than those of CP rats. This study demonstrated that feeding an SP-only diet for 12 days induces glucose intolerance, suggesting that the consumption of absorbable food, like a soft diet, may trigger glucose metabolism insufficiency and lead to life-threatening diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.400-410
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• 1999

Five experiments were conducted using finishing pigs (PIC L326 sires $\times$ C15 dams) to examine the effects of expander operating conditions on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. The effects of different expanding conditions (0, 11.7, 24.4, $32.5kg/cm^2$) for corn-SBM based diets (Exp. 1), wheat meddlings diet (Exp. 2), sorghum-SBM based diets (Exp. 3) and wheat-SBM based diet (Exp. 4). Exp. 5 was conducted as a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement and factors examined were 2 soy products (raw soybean and SBM) and 4 expanding conditions (0, 14.1, 28.1, $42.2kg/cm^2$). In experiment 1, total production rates (p>0.10) were similar among treatments. The amount of fines decreased (cubic effect, p<0.001) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, with smaller differences as cone pressure was further increased to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Nutrient digestibilities increased (p<0.02) as the feed was subjected to higher cone pressures. Digestibilities of DM, N, and GE were maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet expanded at 24.4 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ increased by 172 and 109 kcal/kg, respectively, compared to the diet processed at $0kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. In experiment 2, total production and screened pellets production rates were similar among the processing treatments (p>0.21). The amount of fines decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.03) by 9 kg/h as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Digestibilities of DM (p<0.02), N (p<0.001), and GE (p<0.002) were increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. DM, N, and GE digestibility in the pigs fed the midds-based diet increased by 8, 13, and 10%, respectively, at the highest processing cone pressure compared to the diets without any cone pressure. In experiment 3, the conditioned mash moistures for the treatments were numerically similar around 15% moisture. As the expander cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, energy consumption for the pellet mill decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.004) from 14.1 to 12.0 kWh/t. Dry matter and gross energy digestibility increased (cubic effects, p<0.006) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$ with the largest improvement occurring as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Nitrogen digestibility increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) from 78.3 to 81.0% as the feed was subjected to the higher cone pressures, with N digestibility being maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) by 225 kcal/kg as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. In experiment 4, pellet moisture decreased and moisture loss increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Also, starch gelatinization of the wheat-based diets increased from 16.8 to 49.1% as the diets were processed at 0 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected (p>0.18) by any increase in cone pressure. In experiment 5, pellet moisture decreased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. The amount of moisture loss for the diets expanded at $42.2kg/cm^2$ was 3.0 and 3.8% for the SBM and raw soybean (RB) diets, respectively. Starch gelatinization for the SBM diets were 19% greater than the RB diets. The RB diets had lower DM, N and GE digestibilities as compared to the SBM diets. The DE of the RB diets were lower (p<0.02) than the SBM diets. DM (p<0.06), N (p<0.02), and GE (p<0.001) digestibilities of the dietary treatments increased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $42.2kg/cm^2$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.720-726
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• 2006

In an attempt to develop an artificial diet for growing olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), weight gain, feed utilization and nutrient retention were investigated in fish fed moist (MP), semi-moist (SMP) and extruded pellets (EP). Excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus was also estimated based on their whole body gain and intake. EP and MP composed of raw fish and SMP made of formulated powder feed with water were prepared to have the same energy contents on a dry matter basis. A total of 240 fish with an average initial weight of 120 g were randomly distributed to each (20 fish/tank) of 12 circular plastic tanks (4 tanks/treatment) and fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Fish groups fed EP (209 g) or SMP (209 g) recorded higher final weight than those fed MP (176 g), while dry feed consumption was highest in SMP groups (106 g), followed by MP (71 g) and EP groups (62 g). As a consequence, fish groups fed EP showed much lower feed conversion ratio than the other two groups. Protein efficiency ratio was also significantly higher in fish groups fed EP (2.55) than in those fed MP (1.44) and SMP (1.31). Fish groups fed EP, which showed the highest nitrogen retention of 43.9%, resulted in the lowest excretion of nitrogen of 35.5 g per kg gain. Also, the lowest phosphorus excretion of 6.0 g per kg gain was found in the EP groups with the highest P retention (37.0%) among treatments. Although the EP groups had the lowest dietary energy intake, they retained the highest energy in the whole body among treatments. The present results showed that EP could be more advantageous than MP or SMP in terms of growth, feed utilization and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus for olive flounder.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.221-229
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• 1995

시기별, 크기별로 조피볼락의 성장 패턴을 조사하기 위해 현재 양어가들이 주로 사용하고 있는 생사료(냉동 전갱이)와 분말사료(넙치육성용)를 1:1의 비율로 혼합하여 제조한 moist pellet으로, 장기간 사육실험을 하여 조피볼락의 성장, 사료효율, 먹이섭취율 등을 조사하였다. 1992년 5월 6일 산출된 치어와 1993년 4월 19일 산출된 치어를 대상으로 2회에 걸쳐 사육 실험한 결과, 500g까지 성장하는데는 산출 후 약 2 년간, 200g까지는 약 1년간이 소요되었으며, 두 실험 모두 사육기간 중에 거의 직선적으로 체중이 증가된 경향을 보였다. 사육 기간별 성장 단계에 따른 사육 결과를 살펴보면, 기간별로 다소 변동적이기는 하나, 사료효율, 증중율, 일간증중율, 일간먹이섭취율 및 일간단백질섭취율은 두 실험 모두 사육기간이 경과함에 따라 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 성장 초기 단계에 현저히 감소하다가 평균체중 200g 이후부터는 거의 일정한 값을 유지하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.395-398
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental medicinal herb mixture, laver powder and paprika powder in extruded pellet (EP) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight of 19.6 g) were fed four experimental EPs containing 0.2% medicinal herb mixture (MHM), 1% laver powder (LP), 1% paprika powder (PP) and without supplementation (CON) for 9 weeks. Weight gain, daily feed intake, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not influenced by dietary additives. Peed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of flounder fed the diet containing laver powder were significantly higher than those of fish fed the medicinal herb mixture and paprika powder (P<0.05), but not significantly different from control group. The results of this study suggest that all tested additives in the dietary formulation did not affect growth and feed utilization of olive flounder.