• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.154-163
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• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate relapse tendency after orthodontic treatment and determine the contributing factors by using the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO-OGS). Methods: The subjects were 80 patients with more than 2 years of retention period after completing orthodontic treatment at the dental hospitals of Busan University, Kyunghee University, and Dankook University. The posttreatment (T2) and post-retention (T3) ABO-OGS measurements were analyzed in relation to age, gender, Angle's classification, extraction, retention period, and pretreatment condition (initial peer assessment rating (PAR) index, T1) by multiple regression analysis. Results: Among the 7 ABO-OGS criteria, alignment worsened but occlusal contact and interproximal contact improved in T3, but not in T2 ($p$ < 0.01). The 4 other criteria showed no significant differences. Multiple regression analysis showed that alignment, occlusal relationship, overjet, and interproximal contact were significant linear models, but with a low explanation power. Age, gender, Angle's classification, extraction, retention period, and pretreatment condition (initial PAR index, T1) had little influence on the ABO-OGS changes between T3 and T2. Conclusions: An orthodontist's understanding of posttreatment relapse tendency can be useful in diagnosis and during patient consultation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.4 s.87
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• pp.393-401
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to assess the treatment results in orthodontic department, Kyung Hee University, to evaluate the occlusion at 2 year follow-up control, in relation to the original malocclusion, and changes occurring in the follow-up period, and to determine whether treatment and posttreatment changes of the PAR index were related to the original Angle classification Dental study casts of 25 patients in permanent dentition were evaluated using Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index. The PAR index was measured at the pretreatment stage, immediately after treatment, and at 2 yews posttreatment. The following results were obtained : 1. The treatment reduced the PAR index by 85.05% and it indicates that KHDC clinic has a high standard of treatment 2. The follow-up result of 75.40% PAR score reduction implies a gain of 9.55% of posttreatment PAR score during follow-up period. 3. There is no relationship between the treatment changes of the PAR index and the orignal Angle classification.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.107-123
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• 2010

This study investigated the content and the effect of peer discussion about classroom practices on their science teaching. Participants included three science teachers with chemistry backgrounds in middle and high schools. Each of them had their classes videotaped and observed the footage as well as discussed the lessons together. The teachers had six meetings on 15 recorded lessons including one meeting beforehand. Teachers' discussions were also audio-taped and the data was transcribed. Teachers extensively discussed their lessons not only in terms of instructional strategies and scientific concepts but also the curriculum organization and teaching goals. Analysis of video-recorded lessons showed that instructional strategies were changed partially, but the aspects of curriculum organization in relation to teaching goals were not changed. Analysis of the recorded data revealed that teachers recognized the problems in their science teaching and considered the practical alternative ideas suggested by peers, but teachers proposed the necessity of experience to practice in their class. The study shows that observing and discussing each other's classes is one possible way to improve the class. Implications about teaching improvement for other teachers were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.273-298
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to explore a risk and a protective factors of adolescent runaway based on the previous researches. Runaway of adolescents is increasing, and it is longer and more habit gradually than past. The prevailance methods of runaway is no longer effects on the decrease of adolescent runaway. Now there is to accept adolescent runaway, and has to support the difficult life conditions and the emotional distress of adolescent post-runaway. This means that must be identify and treatment the protective factors having an buffering effect as well as the risk factors influencing on runaway. Although the worse factors related family are the highest risk factors of runaway, others factors including negative peer relation, a academic stress also an have significant influence on runaway. And the protective factors mediating the negative influence of risk factors are an monitoring and controlling of parent as authoritative rearing attitude, a social support, a positive coping strategies, a self-esteem, and a conventional peer group. Protective factors prevent from runaway behavior, as well as improve a resilience of adolescents in the poor environment. The tasks of follow study are to investigate empirically the mediating effects of the protective factors on the problem behavior of post-runaway and resilience of runaway adolescents based on the systematic research design.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.141-155
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to offer basic data to adolescents' cosmetic culture by investigating and analysing the choices made by female students who have been becoming principle consumers of cosmetics these days. Firstly, social and cultural backgrounds and concepts of N generation, and then characteristics and influencing powers of female students were reviewed. And this study also included questionnaire surveys of 500 female students in middle and high schools located in Seoul. Data were processed using a SPSS$^+$ program and analyzed by using frequency, percentage and the $X^2$-test. The major findings run as follows: Female students have the effects of spreading their words quickly and abilities of making a decision what to buy. And they accept consuming behaviors itself as a part of cultural lives. Therefore, industries have acknowledged them as new principal consumers with a powerful influence in the market. They also play an important role in active consumer as emotional generation who has distinct personalities and prefer fashion trends, changes and innovations. They show conformities with their peer groups and they also want to identify themselves with characters or stars. The cosmetic behaviors of female students relating to demographic characteristics showed a significant relation to grades, majors, school groups and places of residence. Female students have a lot of interest and knowledge about cosmetics. And they use various cosmetic products. This study demonstrated the age for using make-up for the first time has been becoming younger more and more. Recently, female adolescents tend to use face powder, lip gloss, mascara and eye shadow. It is assumed that cosmetic purchases of female students can be considered as an impulsive aspects. However, before purchases, the proportion of students having any particular cosmetic brand in mind previously has been increasing. They take into consideration skin safety, the quality of product and color, when purchasing cosmetic products.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.225-244
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to see difference based on age, sex, sociometric ststus for perceived competence of children and difference about perception of responsibilities degree of parents of these children. the content of study as follows. 1. How is the difference about perceived competence of children based on age, sex, sociometric status. 2. How is the difference about perception of responsibilities of children based on age, sex, sociometric status. 3. How is the relationship between father and mother. The subject of this study is children and their parents of 126 persons of the third grade, sixth grade of S elementary school, the second grade of S middle school, the second grade of S girls' middle school which are located in Pusan city. This study used a peer nomination among sociometric assesment method as sociolity assessment means, self-perception profile for children of Harter(1985) as perceived competence assessment means of children and used self-perception profile for children which amends fits for parents. the collected data are managed by SPSS/PC+ program. We analyze three-way ANOVA to verify study question No, one, two, analyze t-verification and Pearson's product moment correlations to verify study question No. three. The result of this study as follows. First, in investigating difference about perceived compretence of children based on age, sex, sociometric status, we can see that children perceive high, self-ability for low ages. Also, boys than girls, popular children than rejected children, neglected children perceive high self-ability. Second, in investigating difference about perception of responsibilities of children based on age, sex, sociometric status, we can see that mother perceive responsibilities in learning sphere, exercise sphere, the whole self-value sphere and father perceive responsibility only in social sphere. Third, in investigating relation between perception of responsibilities of father and mother, this shows that difference between perception of responsibilities of father and mother is not showed ane have (+) interrelation of r=.46(P<.001) between perception of responsibilities of father and perception of responsibilities of mother.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review primary research exploring the correlations between the levels of serum testosterone and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in healthy men without prostate diseases. Methods: An integrative review was conducted using the Whittemore & Knafle (2005) framework. The keywords, 'testosterone & prostate-specific antigen', 'testosterone & PSA' and 'healthy men' were used to search peer-reviewed publications in six databases. Among 1,959 searched articles, eleven articles were selected after excluding articles that do not meet inclusion criteria. Literature quality was moderate (Level 3). Results: As a result of this study, it was confirmed through the nine articles that healthy adult men showed no significant correlation between the serum testosterone and the PSA. Conversely, two articles presented that the serum PSA correlate positively with the testosterone. In particular, it is inferred that the effect of the serum testosterone and the PSA secreted into a 24-hour circadian rhythm with different amplitudes and slopes would have had great influence. However, it does not consider the factors affecting the testosterone and the PSA, such as race, liver disease, and BMI, so there is insufficient empirical data to clearly explain the relationship between the testosterone and the PSA. Conclusion: The correlation between the serum testosterone and the PSA in healthy adult men is insignificant in relation to the circadian rhythm of the testosterone and the PSA secretion. It is that a large-scale study including various influencing factors using new biochemical indicators such as pro PSA be conducted in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.200-206
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• 2011

This research was to investigated correlation between the mother and father's attachment and the parent motivation. The subjects were W university student 223 of Jeon-buk province. They took the parent-child relation courses. The questionnaire were IPPA[Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment) and Parent Motivation Scale. The data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation using the SPSS Program. The results were as follows: First, the university students who perceived the mother's attachment higher than the father's. Second, Parent motivation of the university students who perceived higher medium and the sex difference were no significance. Third, parent attachment were positively correlated with parent motivation. The finding from above results were that pre-parent education program of university students considered with the content that promotion to the parent attachment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.441-447
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• 2013

Background: Prior studies examining the relation between diabetes mellitus (DM) and prostate cancer risk have reported controversial findings. We examined this association by conducting a detailed meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed literature. Methods: A comprehensive search for articles of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and bibliographies of retrieved articles published up to November, 2012 was performed. Methodological quality assessment of the trials was based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scaleq and the meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0. Dose-response regression was conducted with SPSS 19.0. Results: We included 29 studies in the meta-analysis (13 case-control studies, 16 cohort studies), and found an inverse association between DM and prostate cancer (relative risk (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-0.91). An inverse association was also observed in non-Asian populations (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.76-0.87) and population-based studies (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.77-0.91). No statistical significance was found of the association between prostate cancer risk and the duration of DM (p=0.338), and risk seemed not related with the age of DM diagnosis. Conclusions: This study suggested an inverse relationship between DM and prostate cancer, but without links to duration of disease or age of diagnosis.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of the child's career maturity on the relationship between mother's child-rearing attitudes and children's school adjustment. In order to achieve our goals, the present study 1) analysed the differences in the mother's child-rearing attitude perceived by child, child's career maturity, and school adjustment according to child's sex, and 2) examined the direct and indirect effects of mother's child-rearing attitude and child's career maturity on school adjustment. A total of 430 $6^{th}$ grade elementary school students living in Gwangju participated in this study. The summary of this study is as follows. First, there were some differences in achievement child-rearing attitude according to child's sex. Boys perceived their mother's child-rearing attitude as more achievement-oriented than girls. Second, child's career maturity mediated the relations between mother's child-rearing attitude perceived by child and their school adjustment. Specifically, the partial mediating effects of career maturity were found in all of the relations between sub-factors of child-rearing attitude(affection, autonomy, achievement, and rationality), and child's career maturity fully mediated the relation between autonomy and peer relationship. The results of this study mean that mother's child-rearing attitudes have both direct and indirect impacts on child's school adjustment and child's career maturity are all very important factors on their school adjustment. The present study suggests that it is necessary to provide diverse career programs to improve child's career maturity.