• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

In this study, we observed air temperature to make clear that land coverage condition and stand form has a certain relationship to air temperature during the night in various green space. And with revolution analysis, we interpreted relationship of air temperature distribution in the green space, The way of analysis is this land coverage rate and air temperature, of number of tree volume of tree air temperature. With this experimental result, we can propose green plan, which is taking into consideration lower effect of air temperature. In this result, lower zone is formed in forest and water area, higher zone is formed in paved surface and barren ground. but this gap is a little. arbor+subarbor area, in the point of water area surrounded stand is formed relative lower air temperature. As a result to make up efficiency lower air temperature area, it is needed to make water area which has surrounded forest, and it is needed to make stand form lower air temperature 2~3 layer forest. In order of arbor, subarbor, shrub, the lower air temperature is more effect.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.181-186
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• 2001

In this study, we observed air temperature to make clear that land coverage condition and forest form has a certain relationship to air temperature in a day in various green space. And with revolution analysis, interpreted relationship of air temperature distribution in the green space, of land coverage rate and air temperature, of volume of tree and temperature. With this experimental result, propose green plan, taking into consideration lower effect of air temperature. In this result lower zone is formed in forest and water area, higher zone is done in paved surface and barren ground. And arbor＋subarbor area, water area sur-rounded forest and small river is formed relative lower air temperature. In my opinion to promote efficiency lower air temperature area, it is need to make water area surrounded forest, to make forest form lower air temperature 2∼3 layer forest. Lower air temperature effect is in order of arbor, subarbor, shrub and is proportioned increasing of tree.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.55-67
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• 2023

This study investigated the correlation between impervious surface area rate(ISAR) and various urbanization indicators at the si-gun administrative level. For the years 2017 and 2021, we built correlation matrices to examine the relationships between ISAR and eight urbanization indicators, including total population, working-age population, residential power consumption, non-agricultural power consumption, paved road length, permitted development area, numbers of registered vehicles, and cadastral 'Dae' parcel area. Additionally, K-means clustering was employed to classify the 229 si-guns based on the ISAR change patterns. The analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between ISAR and urbanization indicators for both years studied. However, the interannual comparison showed a noticeably weaker correlation between changes in ISAR and urbanization indicators from 2017 to 2021. The K-means analysis also showed that si-guns with higher ISAR values, typically urban areas, demonstrated a weaker correlation, while the cluster consisting mostly of rural areas with lower ISAR displayed stronger correlations. These results suggested that ISAR should be a significant factor for consideration in sustainable rural planning and development strategies.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

In this study, We measured air temperature in a vegetated area to investigate if stand types and height affect air temperature. With the measured data, we analyzed the relation-ships between air temperature vs. ground cover type, vegetated area, stand structure, stand density, and tree volume by regression analysis. The results show that the paved area and open field have higher air temperatures than the vegetated area and water-related areas. Among the stand types, the stand with overstory and sub-overstory showed relatively low are temperature. The stand with overstory had lower air temperature than the stand with sub-overstory. Increasing stand density was effective for lowering air temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2003

Human beings have pursued development and economic betterment; thus, enhancing convenience and prosperity. A flourish of human civilization upon the industrialization results a massive urbanization. However, human beings have connived the environmental importance in the course of rapid urbanization. The environmental quality now becomes one of the most important factors that determine the quality of life in a city. Many studies were proceeded about the heat island effect in large cities. In general, most studies have been done to investigate urban microclimate phenomena using meteorological network or AWS (automatic weather station) data. Those preceding studies do not seem to sufficiently reflect the and thus, failed to show regional representative. In this study, temporal Landsat TM satellite imageries of May 20, 1987 and May 21, 1999 were 뻐d in order to detect the surface temperature of the study area using the band 6 ($10.4{\mu}m{\sim}12.5{\mu}m$). The surface temperature distribution detected by the band 6 of Landsat TM was over layed with the land cover classification data in order to investigate the temperature difference of the paved road and the riparian areas of the stream. As a result, a surface temperature difference as much as $3^{\circ}C$ between the paved road and the riparian areas with vegetation was observed. This study concludes that the land cover change is one of the main causes of urban heat island effect which may be closely affected by the paved areas and roads. Besides, the change of the atmospheric temperature followed by the urban secular change could have been confirmed. In the case of Yangjaecheon stream which underwent a heavy environmental restoration in 1995, the temperature was decreased as much as $0.6^{\circ}C$ after the restoration. The results of this study is expected to contribute to develop an urban space in harmony with the healthy human life and the environment respecting the crucial role of vegetation to stabilize the urban environmental dynamics.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2009

This paper describes a three-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey carried out around a levee of the Ara River in Saitama, Japan, where deformation of the ground was observed after heavy rainfall associated with the typhoon of September 2007. The high-density 3D GPR survey was conducted as a series of closely adjacent four directional sets of 2D surveys at an area surrounding vertical cracks on the paved road caused by deformations induced by heavy rain. The survey directions of the 2D surveys were 0, 90, 45, and -45 degrees with respect to the paved road and the intervals between lines were less than 0.5 m. The 3D subsurface structure was accurately imaged by the result of data processing using Kirchhoff-type 3D migration. As a result, locations and vertical continuities of the heavy rainfall induced cracks in the paved road were clearly imaged. This will be a great help in considering the generation mechanisms of the cracks. Moreover, the current risk of a secondary disaster was found to be low, as no air-filled cavities were detected by the 3D GPR survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.119-122
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• 2008

The paved area like a road or bridge where having high impermeable rates were accumulated various non-point sources(NPS) by passing vehicles during dry season periods. They are flowed in the river continuous when it rains and could negative impact on environment. Therefore, this study monitoring NPS for two years and determinating for each pollutant EMCs and mass loading. The result shows that the EMC ranges are 11.60$\sim$230.90 mg/L for TSS, 4.58$\sim$31.90 mg/L for BOD, 1.86$\sim$9.20 mg/L for TN and 0.14$\sim$1.55 mg/L for TP. Also, the ranges of washed-off mass loading are determined to 0.78$\sim$18.01 kg/day for TSS, 0.47$\sim$1.17 kg/day for BOD, 0.00$\sim$0.01 kg/day for Pb and 0.01$\sim$0.06 kg/day for Zn.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.128-133
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• 2006

The paved areas in nonpoint source are highly polluted landuses because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicle activities. Particularly, the metal pollutants are a big issue in the paved area. It is usually washed-off during storms by adsorbing on sediments or soluble status. Therefore, this research was achieved for understanding the characteristics of metal pollutants in stormwater runoff in highways. Five monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic rainfall gage and an automatic flow meter. This manuscripts will summarize the washoff characteristics of metal pollutants and its concentration changes during storms. Usually first flush phenomenon was observed for all of the storm events and visibly confirmed with hydro- and polluto-graphs. Also it was coincided with the tendency of particulates and organic matters. The decrease rate per total reduced amount for metals during initial 30-min storm duration was obtained on 80%. The result may be able to use for determining the economical treatment criteria for stormwater runoff in highways.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2006

TPLMS programs in four large rivers have been developed to improve the water quality from possible pollutants originated from watershed areas. The success of TPLMS program is depended on nonpoint source control. Currently, the pollutant loading from nonpoint pollution sources is gradually increasing as developing the nearby watershed. However, there are not enough data concerning on nonpoint pollution in Korea because of lacking of monitoring activities. It is the main reason of uncertainty. Therefore, this manuscript will summarize the EMCs in various landuses based on monitoring program. Also the EMC in each paved area will be compared and discussed to find the differences. When the EMC is compared by average monitored sample concentrations, the EMC values are 2-4 times higher than sample concentrations. It means the monitoring program is very important in the field of nonpoint pollution. The pollutant loadings from bridge landuse is higher than loadings from parking lot and highway because of more traffic activities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.22-36
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• 2007

The direction of this study lies in exploring a schematic proposal for a historical walk over an area called 'West Village' located inside the old city wall of Seoul. The case study area is comparable to the historic 'North Village,' including historical assets such as the Kyunghi Royal Palace and Sajik-dan. Moreover, it has spectacular scenic spots surrounding Mt. Inwang and Baegundong Stream, although this has now been paved over for use as a road. This village maintained its fame as a hub of art through the early 20th century. The comprehensive approach of this study ranges from the historical and cultural to the ecological and visual. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. A themed walk would commemorate the great leader of national independence, Baegbeom Kim Ku, as well as the famous Korean style realistic landscape painting school under the leadership of Kyumjae Jeong Seon, a great artist of the Josun Dynasty. In addition, a scenic streamside walk would accentuate the surrounding panoramic vistas which were drawn by Kyumjae, while at the same time allowing the ecological system of Baegundong Stream to be uncovered and restored.