• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2016

In the heart, excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is mediated by $Ca^{2+}$ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through the interactions of proteins forming the $Ca^{2+}$ release unit (CRU). Among them, calsequestrin (CSQ) and histidine-rich $Ca^{2+}$ binding protein (HRC) are known to bind the charged luminal region of triadin (TRN) and thus directly or indirectly regulate ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) activity. However, the mechanisms of CSQ and HRC mediated regulation of RyR2 activity through TRN have remained unclear. We first examined the minimal KEKE motif of TRN involved in the interactions with CSQ2, HRC and RyR2 using TRN deletion mutants and in vitro binding assays. The results showed that CSQ2, HRC and RyR2 share the same KEKE motif region on the distal part of TRN (aa 202-231). Second, in vitro binding assays were conducted to examine the $Ca^{2+}$ dependence of protein-protein interactions (PPI). The results showed that TRN-HRC interaction had a bell-shaped $Ca^{2+}$ dependence, which peaked at pCa4, whereas TRN-CSQ2 or TRN-RyR2 interaction did not show such $Ca^{2+}$ dependence pattern. Third, competitive binding was conducted to examine whether CSQ2, HRC, or RyR2 affects the TRN-HRC or TRN-CSQ2 binding at pCa4. Among them, only CSQ2 or RyR2 competitively inhibited TRN-HRC binding, suggesting that HRC can confer functional refractoriness to CRU, which could be beneficial for reloading of $Ca^{2+}$ into SR at intermediate $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations.

• 지역연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-50
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• 1992

The aim of this paper is to define major factors influencing land development of each of major uses (residential, commercial, industrial) in the process of rapid urban expansion. The main hypothesis of this study is that land use changing patterns are directed by supply side of land managed to public policies rather than demand side. The graphic analysis is applied to relationships between urban growth and land development process of each use and between land development project managed to public policies and land development process. Public and land development projects and zonning protection seem to be major roles of land supply and main determinants of urban spatial structure. Location factors for land development of each uses are selected in 23 variables. Factor analysis is applied to test correlation between variables in 1971 and 1981. Factor structure between two years is similar, but progressive processing of functional separation is derived such as intensive land use is grouped, different location between residential and industrial use is deep. Dependent variables are standardized to logarithm of land development of each use per unit vacant land in two periods, between 1971 and 1980 year and between 1981 year. Correlation analysis between 6 dependent variables and 23 location factors in each years are applied. Major factors of each use are selected in criteria such as high correlation with dependent variables, low correlation between independent variables and common application in two periods. As the result, major factors for residential land development are Land Readjustment Project (LRP), percent of total zoned area in residential zone, residential floor space density per available area, percent of total area in industrial use; for commercial development is distance to CBD, percent of total area in commercial use, residential floor space density per available area in each year, and volumn rate of industrial use; for industrial use is percent of total area of industrial use is percent of total area of industrial use, Industrial Estate Project (IES), LRP, and distance from CBD. Land development pattern of each use between two periods are slightly different. So 6 equation is derived from appling backward method of regession. Adjusted multiple R squares of all is more than 0.5 and those equation is statistically significant and valuable to assist urban land use forecasting.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2007

전통적으로 혼잡통행료는 교통시설의 한계사회비용과 한계개인비용의 차이를 혼잡통행료로 부과함으로써 사용자 균형(user equilibrium)상태의 도로망을 체계최적(system optimum)으로 유도하는 한계비용가격(marginal cost pricing) 또는 최적혼잡통행료(first-optimal pricing)이론에 근거를 두고 있다. 이러한 이론을 기초로 본 연구에서는 가변수요를 갖는 다계층 도로이용자를 대상으로 링크 최적혼잡통행료의 이론적 특성을 살펴보고 혼잡통행료 징수에 따른 계층간 그리고 지역간 형평성을 분석하기 위한 방법론을 연구한다. 여기서, 도로이용자가 경험하는 경로통행비용은 시간요소(통행시간)와 화폐요소(혼잡통행료)의 2가지 판단기준으로 구성되고 시간가치에 의해 하나의 단위로 전환(trade off)이 가능하다. 경로 통행비용이 시간단위로 환산될 경우, 최적혼잡통행료는 시간단위 체계최적 조건으로부터 도출될 수 있고 경로통행비용이 화폐단위로 환산될 경우, 최적혼잡통행료는 화폐단위 체계최적 조건으로부터 도출될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 체계최적 조건으로부터 도출된 최적혼잡통행료를 산정하는 모형을 개발하고 이를 통하여 계층간 형평성을 살펴본다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.409-415
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• 1984

맥주맥 주요육성품종의 파종량에 따른 수량구성요소 및 수량의 반응차이를 구명하기 위하여 맥주맥 14개 품종을 공시, 파종량을 10a당 세조파는 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 $\ell$로, 휴입광산파는 20, 25, 30, 35, 40$\ell$로 하여 시험을 실시하였다. 14개 품종간에는 세조파, 휴입광산파 공히 모든 형질에서 유의차를 보였고 또한 각 품종들이 세조파나 휴입광산파에서 동일한 경향을 나타내었다. 파종량의 증가에 따라서는 세조파, 휴입광산파 공히 출수, 성숙은 약간 빨라지는 경향이었고 간장은다소 길어지나 그 정도는 크지 않았다. $m^2$당 수수와 수량은 대체로 파종량 증가에 따라 직선적인 증대를 보였으나 각 품종들의 증대양상은 다소 상이하였다. 파종량 증가에 따라 세조파, 휴입광산파 공히 수당입수는 변화하지 않았고 1,000입중은 약관 적어지는 경향이었으며 1$\ell$중은 다소 무거워지나 그 차이는 크지 않았다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2012

Distribution pattern and fishing conditions of sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus in the East Sae were explored using catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE) by eastern sea Danish seine and coastal gill net fisheries from 2004 to 2008. A. japonicus was one of major target species for the eastern sea Danish seine and coastal gill net fisheries in the East Sea, which were caught from April to October for the eastern Danish seine, and from October to December for the coastal gill net, respectively. In recent, the distribution and centroid of fishing ground moved northward, as seawater temperature increased. The species spawned in the coastal areas of Gangwon, northern East Sea, during winter, started to move to deeper water after spawning from spring, extended widely from Gangwon to Ulsan, southern East Sea, during summer, and migrated back to the spawning ground off Gangwon during autumn.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 1992

When using a computer vision system for a measurement, the geometrically distorted input image usually restricts the site and size of the measuring window. A geometrically distorted image caused by the image sensing and processing hardware degrades the accuracy of the visual measurement and prohibits the arbitrary selection of the measuring scope. Therefore, an image calibration is inevitable to improve the measuring accuracy. A calibration process is usually done via four steps such as measurement, modeling, parameter estimation, and compensation. In this paper, the efficient error calibration technique of a geometrically distorted input image was developed using a neural network. After calibrating a unit pixel, the distorted image was compensated by training CMLAN(Cerebellar Model Linear Associator Network) without modeling the behavior of any system element. The input/output training pairs for the network was obtained by processing the image of the devised sampled pattern. The generalization property of the network successfully compensates the distortion errors of the untrained arbitrary pixel points on the image space. The error convergence of the trained network with respect to the network control parameters were also presented. The compensated image through the network was then post processed using a simple DDA(Digital Differential Analyzer) to avoid the pixel disconnectivity. The compensation effect was verified using known sized geometric primitives. A way to extract directly a real scaled geometric quantity of the object from the 8-directional chain coding was also devised and coded. Since the developed calibration algorithm does not require any knowledge of modeling system elements and estimating parameters, it can be applied simply to any image processing system. Furthermore, it efficiently enhances the measurement accuracy and allows the arbitrary sizing and locating of the measuring window. The applied and developed algorithms were coded as a menu driven way using MS-C language Ver. 6.0, PC VISION PLUS library functions, and VGA graphic functions.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.250-262
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• 1995

Investigation on the appendices was carried out to acquire teaching materials about improvement of a appendices and development of teaching-learning activities for science textbooks in Korean middle schools. We analysed the appendices for 30 kinds of science textbooks used in Korean middle schools during $1969{\sim}1994$ years. In the results there were three kinds of pattern for the appendices, such as appendix, non-appendix, and similar appendix without appendix title. The content of appendices were summarized as six categories. such as list of science and scientist history, SI unit-constants and symbols, handling methods of instruments for basic experiments, measuring methods and inquiry activity, safety and precautions, and supplementary data with figures and tables. The appendices of six categories were mostly a content of general and integrated science, and were concentrated in the first grader's textbooks. There were many appendices about the methods for basic experiments such as 'How to Use of Experimental Appliances' in the first grader's science textbooks, but there was no or lack of them in the second and the third grader's science textbooks in the middle school. By the ratio to the pages of appendices which were included according to curriculum changes. the ratio was found to be 4.47% which was the highest in middle school science textbooks at the second curriculum and to be 3.47% which was the highest in high school biology textbooks at the second curriculum. The results of this study indicated that the science textbooks should include as many appendices as possible, because teachers could utilize them in teaching activities and students should be able to be given much help in self-learning.

• 폴리머
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.374-378
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• 2007

Acrylamide(AM), diacetone acrylamide(DAAM) 및 acrylic acid(AAc)를 사용하여 수용성 삼원공중합체를 제조하고, 4-azidoaniline을 반응하여 azido기를 고분자 곁사슬에 도입한 일성분계 포토레지스트를 제조하였다. AM을 주성분으로 하고 DAAM을 공단량체로 사용한 공중합체를 합성하구 광가교제로 4,4'-diazidostilbene 2,2'-disulfuric acid sodium salt(DAS)를 혼합한 이성분계 포토레지스트를 제조하여 두 종류 포토레지스트의 감광특성을 비교하였다. 포토레지스트의 azido기 1 mol에 대한 감광특성은 고분자 곁사슬에 azido기를 가진 일성분계의 경우가 bis-azido기를 가진 이성분계보다 약 4배정도 우수한 감광성을 나타내었다. 직경 $110{\mu}m$ 크기의 원형패턴을 낮은 광세기에서 일성분계 포토레지스트를 사용하여 얻었으며, 노광부와 비노광부 계면에 잔존물이 없이 원형 패턴이 형성되어 블랙 매트릭스용 negative 포토레지스트로 활용이 기대된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2012

Objectives: Authors investigated the pattern of the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses (ROII) at the level of enterprises in order to build a network for exchange of experience and knowledge, which would contribute to workers' safety and health through safety climate of workplace. Methods: Occupational accidents were analyzed at the manufacturing work site unit. A two step clustering process for the past patterns regarding the ROII from 2001 to 2009 was investigated. The ROII patterns were categorized based on regression analysis and the patterns were further divided according to the subtle changes with Mahalanobis distance and Ward's linkage. Results: The first clustering of ROII through regression analysis showed 5 different functions; 29 work sites of the linear function, 50 sites of the quadratic function, 95 sites of the logarithm function, 62 sites of the exponential function, and 54 sites of the sine function. Fourteen clusters were created in the second clustering. There were 3 clusters in each function categorized in the first clustering except for sine function. Each cluster consisted of the work sites with similar ROII patterns, which had unique characteristics. Conclusion: The five different patterns of ROII suggest that tailored management activities should be applied to every work site. Based on these differences, the authors selected exemplary work sites and built a network to help the work sites to share information on safety climate and accident prevention measures. The causes of different patterns of ROII, building network and evaluation of this management model should be evaluated as future researches.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.546-554
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• 2005

We assessed the genetic relations and epidemiological links among bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans, which were obtained from a university hospital over a period of five years. The 54 bloodstream isolates from the 38 patients yielded 14 different karyotypes, 29 different patterns after digestion with SfiI (REAG-S), and 31 different patterns after digestion with BssHII (REAG-B) when analyzed using three different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing methods. In 11 patients with serial blood stream isolates, all strains from each patient had the same PFGE pattern. The dendrograms for all of the strains revealed that the distribution of similarity values ranged from 0.70 to 1.0 in the REAG-S patterns, and from 0.35 to 1.0 in the REAG-B patterns. Overall, the combination of the three different PFGE methods identified 31 distinct types, reflecting the results obtained using the REAG-B alone different. different Five PFGE types were shared among 22 isolates from 12 patients. These types of strains were more frequently associated with central venous catheter-related fungemia than the other 26 type strains $(92\%\;versus\;31\%;\;P<0.005)$. Of five PFGE types, four isolates were determined to be epidemiologically related: each of these types was primarily from two or three patients who had been hospitalized concurrently within the same intensive care unit. Our results suggest that the REAG-B constitutes perhaps the most useful PFGE method for investigating C. albicans candidemia and also shows that a relatively high proportion of C. albicans candidemia may be associated with exogenous acquisition of clonal strains.