• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Background: Various methods are used for recovery of knee flexion range of motion (ROM) due to a tightened rectus femoris muscle (RFM) or limited inferior glide of the patella. Stretching methods are common interventions for restoring the tightened RFM length. Also patellar inferior gliding (PIG) technique can recover tightened RFM length too. However, effect of applying the PIG to passive knee flexion (PKF) has not been studied. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combining PIG with RFM stretching for improving knee flexion ROM in subjects with RFM tightness. Methods: Twenty-six subjects with RFM tightness were recruited. Two different methods of knee stretching were tested: 1) PKF during modified Thomas test (MTT) and 2) PKF with PIG during MTT. The passive stretching forces was controlled by hand-held dynamometer. The knee flexion ROM angle was measured by a MTT with ImageJ software. Differences between the conditions with and without PIG were identified with a paired t-test. Results: The knee flexion ROM was significantly greater for PKF with PIG ($114.44{\pm}9.33$) than for PKF alone ($108.97{\pm}9.42$) (p<.001). Conclusion: A combination of passive knee flexion exercise and PIG can be more effective than PKF in increasing knee flexion ROM in individuals with RFM tightness.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2013

The Interest in disease prevention and rehabilitation is increasing depending on increase of patients with spinal. This is being developed using the spine stabilization device is being studied. So far studies have only evaluated the effect on trunk stabilization exercises but analysis of human movement patterns for active movement and passive movement did not. We assessed the muscle activity of trunk and leg muscle during passive and active tilt mode on eight tilt directions at tilt angle of $30^{\circ}$ using 3-D dynamic postural balance training system. We performed experimental study on the muscular activities of trunk muscle about rectus abdominis, external obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and leg muscle about rectus femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis Anterior, gastrocnemius. As a result, muscle activation was different depending on the direction of movement and pattern. The results indicate that various patterns of spinal stabilization exercise system could be applied to an effective training of chronic low back pain patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of both various shoe types and bare feet on ground reaction force while walking. Ten first-year female university students were selected. A force platform(Kistler, Germany) was used to measure ground reaction force. Six types of shoe were tested: flip flops, canvas shoes, running shoes, elevated forefoot walking shoes, elevated midfoot walking shoes, and five-toed shoes. The control group was barefooted. Only vertical passive/active ground reaction force variables were analyzed. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS 9.1.2 package, specifically ANOVA, and Tukey for the post hoc. The five-toed shoe had the highest maximum passive force value; while the running shoe had the lowest. The first active loading rate for running shoes was the highest; meanwhile, bare feet, the five-toed shoe, and the elevated fore foot walking shoe was the lowest. Although barefoot movement or movement in five toed shoes increases impact, it also allows for full movement of the foot. This in turn allows the foot arch to work properly, fully flexing along three arches(transverse, lateral, medial), facilitating braking force and initiating forward movement as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles of the arch flex back into shape. In contrast movement in padded shoes have a tendency to pound their feet into the ground. This pounding action can result in greater foot instability, which would account for the higher loading rates for the first active peak for padded shoes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on improvement of the range of motion in the TM joint. Methods: 26 subjects who have TM joint limitation were divided to passive movement group(n=13, $21.3{\pm}2.95$ years) and active movement group(n=13, $20.62{\pm}1.39$ years). All of the subjects were treated 5 to 10 minutes per one time, five times once a week for 4 weeks by the physical therapist. The open bite and cross bite were investigated at before, during(2 wks) and treatment(4 wks). Results: In order to assure the statistical significance of the result, a Repeated measures ANOVA were applied at the 0.05 level of the significance. There was a significant difference in terms of the rates of open bite mean change in within-open bite effects among pre-test, post-test 2weeks and post-test 4weeks in each group(P=0.029). There was no significant difference in the rates of mean change in between-open bite effects(P=0.441) but interactions between two types of effects(P=0.025) were statistical significance among pre-test, post-test 2 weeks and post-test 4 weeks in each group. There was no significant difference in the rates of mean change in within-close bite effects(P=0.112), between-cross bite(P=0.179) and interactions between the two types of effects(P=0.098) among pre-test, post-test 2 weeks and post-test 4 weeks in each group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that passive movement and active movement were effect on increase of TM joint ROM about open bite and cross bite.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.23-36
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• 2008

This study describes model tests on instrumented rectangular-shaped passive row piles embedded in horizontal sand-ground undergoing lateral soil movement. We tried to find the property of row piles dependent on the shape of pile, including the position of the pile in row, pile spacing, and soil movement. The results of test are as follows. The lateral earth pressure diagram variously appeared to be triangle, trapezoid and rectangular by shape and position of pile. The outer pile has a larger bending moment than the inner pile in the case of B-type, the inner piles has larger one than outer pile in case of H-type. $R_f$ (the ratio of resistance to lateral soil movement) was found to increase with increasing pile spacing irrespective of pile-shape. Y/L (location of action of lateral resistance force) for $d_s$ (displacement of soil) and $S_h$ (spacing of pile) appeared to be nearly regular position, and H-type is higher than B-type.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.5-15
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• 2023

The evaluation of passive earth pressure plays a crucial role in the design of earth-retaining structures such as retaining walls and temporary earth-retaining walls to withstand horizontal earth pressure. In the earth pressure theory, active and passive earth pressures represent the earth pressures at the limit state, where the wall displacement reaches the maximum allowed displacement. In the design of earth-retaining structures, the passive earth pressure is considered as the resisting force. In this context, the limit displacement at which passive earth pressure occurs is significantly greater than that associated with the active earth pressure. Therefore, it is irrational to apply this displacement directly to the calculation of passive earth pressure. Instead, it is necessary to consider the mobilized passive earth pressure exerted at the allowable horizontal displacement to evaluate the structural stability. This study proposes an allowable wall displacement, denoted as 0.002 H (where H represents the excavation depth), based on a literature review that focuses on sandy soils. To calculate the mobilized passive earth pressure from the wall displacement, a semi-empirical equation is proposed. By analyzing the obtained data on mobilized passive earth pressure, a reduction factor applicable to Rankine's passive earth pressure is proposed for practical application in sandy soils under different wall movement types.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.53-66
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• 1994

In case of using pile foundation to support bridge abutments on soft ground, the soft ground often causes serious troubles such as lateral movement of the bridge abutments. The foundation piles in soil undergoing lateral movement is one of the typical passive piles. However, Generally, on design of the piles for abutments, the piles have not been considered as a passive piles; sofar:. Because it is difficult to assess the effect of the lateral movement on the desigin and reasonable design method is not established yet. In this study, several abutments, of which lateral movement was taken place, was investigated. Based on the investigation a criterion was presented to assess the lateral movement of the soft soil under backfill for abutment. By use of the criterion, the lateral movement of abutment could be predicted. As the results of thin study, it was anon that the lateral movement of abutment could be occured when the safety factor of slope stability is lese than either 1.5(without the pile effect) or 1.8 (with the pile effect). Especially, excessive lateral movements were occurred when the safety factor of slope stability is less than either 1.0(without the pile effect) or 1.1 (with the pile effect).

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1994.03a
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• pp.31-42
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• 1994

In this paper, a case study was presented to analyze the lateral movement of abutment founded on the soft soil with steel pile foundations and was to propose its remedial methods. The main reason for the displacement was due to the lack of the lateral bearing capacity of piles and even more seriously the lateral movement of the soil arising from the construction of as embankment behind the abutment. This project showed that the passive state as well as the active state of piles must be considered for the proper design of abutment foundations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.1661-1664
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• 2013

본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자 5 명을 대상으로 상지 운동(Affected hand의 주먹 쥐기/펴기운동)시 참가자의 운동의지와 운동 수행의 유무에 따라 차이가 있을 것을 가정하고, 운동 수행 및 운동의지가 존재하는 Active movement와 운동 수행을 하지만 운동의지가 없는 Passive movement, 운동 수행은 없지만 운동의지가 있는 Motor Imagery(MI)의 세가지 task에 따른 뇌파의 연결성을 비교하고자 한다. 이 때 EEG 영역 간의 연결성을 보기 위한 분석 방식 중 하나인 Phase locking value(PLV)를 통해 각 task 간의 차이를 비교 및 분석했다. 운동 수행은 동일하지만 운동의지 유무에 따른 차이는 Passive movement가 전반적으로 뇌 영역간 연결이 감소하고 Active movement가 motor task 시작 후 375ms를 기점으로 급격히 증가함을 보이는 데에서 발견할 수 있었으며, 운동 수행 유무에 따른 차이는 687.5ms 이후 Active movement에 비해 MI에서 뇌 영역 간 연결 수가 확연히 감소하는 데에서 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 상지운동 시의 motor task에 따른 EEG 영역간의 연결성을 토대로 운동의지 검출이 가능성이 있음을 밝혔다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.40-47
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• 2010

Purpose : To exam the effects of active ankle range of motion(ROM) exercise on sciatic nerve movement and provide the evidence that use it to patients with hypomobile sciatic nerve as a nerve mobilization technique. Methods : The subjects consist of 32 asymptomatic healthy adults(male; 15, female; 17) who have limited passive straight leg raising(PSLR) ranges below 70 degrees. First, examiner measures PSLR angles at three times. Then, subject was instructed perform the active ankle ROM exercise(dorsiflexion and plantarflextion) at limited angle. After each subject completed the active ankle ROM exercise, return the starting position and examiner measures the PSLR angles at three times again. Results : First, PSLR range was no significant differences between dominant and non-dominant leg(p >.05). Second, active ankle ROM exercise significantly increased PSLR range by mean of degrees(p <.05). Third, there was no learning effects among the measurement trials(p >.05). Conclusion : These data show that active ankle ROM exercise can mobilize the sciatic nerve. Therefore, it can be applied to patients with hypomobile sciatic nerve(sliding dysfunction) as a neural mobilization technique.