• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.464-476
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the exposure levels of tollbooth workers to diesel particulate matter using black carbon (BC) and to find the correlations among variables associated with BC using the motor vehicle management act regulated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Methods: This study was performed over 14 days at a university in Seoul. BC levels were monitored using an aethalometer and were conducted around the breathing zones of the workers. There were three sampling locations: inside the tollbooth (front gate and rear gate) and an office as a control group. T-test, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS. Results: The geometric mean (GM) of BC_30min concentrations in the exposure group was 2.44 ㎍/㎥, approximately 1.4 times higher than the control group (1.75 ㎍/㎥). The GM of BC_30min concentrations was 2.75 ㎍/㎥ during the heavy traffic time (9-10 am) and 2.30 ㎍/㎥ during non-heavy traffic times (p<0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis shows that the number of all types of vehicles and PM_2.5 concentrations in the atmosphere were factors increasing the GM of BC(ln(BC_30min)) concentrations (adjusted R²=0.42, p<0.001). The workers were constantly exposed to low concentrations (GM of BC_30min=2.44 ㎍/㎥), but they were exposed to peak concentrations instantly (BC_10sec=3545.04 ㎍/㎥). When the GM of BC_30min concentrations was momentarily represented as high, it was identified that a vehicle mainly using diesel fuel or an aging vehicle had passed. Conclusions: A ventilation system should be installed in the closed tollbooth or aging vehicles should be controlled so as not to pass tollbooths.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2014

Objectives: Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. Correlation analysis was conducted between air pollutants and traffic volume in order to identify causes of air pollution in Gwangju. Methods: Using traffic volumes and air quality monitoring data from 2002 to 2012 from nine stations (seven urban areas, two roadside areas), especially at three sites where traffic volumes were high, the correlation coefficients were obtained between air pollutants as PM-10 (particulate matter), $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO and $O_3$ at the stations and traffic volumes near the air monitoring stations. Results: Due to traffic volume and distance between the station and the traffic road, concentrations of pollutants at roadside areas were higher than at urban areas, with the exception of $O_3$. The concentration of $O_3$ showed statistically significance with those of other gas materials as $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and CO in winter (p<0.001) and spring (p<0.05). During the period of October 7 to 20, 2012, excluding periods of yellow dust, smog and rainy season, the ratio of $NO/(NO+NO_2)$ showed the highest value 0.57 and 0.40 at Unam and Chipyeong of two roadside stations, followed by 0.35 at Nongseong with vehicular effects. The correlation coefficient between traffic volume and $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$ became higher when the data on mist and haze days were excluded, than when all hourly data were used in that period, at the three sites of Unam, Chipyeong, and Nongseong. Conclusions: Air quality showed a considerable effect from vehicles at roadside areas compared to in urban areas. Air pollutant diminishment strategies need to be aggressively adopted in order to protect atmospheric environment.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2018

최근 화장품 시장에서 안티폴루션 효능이 있는 화장품은 새로운 피부 건강을 위한 해결책으로 나타나고 있다. 외부(대기) 오염물질에 의해 피부의 산화 기전을 매개하는 주요 원인 인자들로 오존, UV, 미세먼지 및 담배연기 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 담배 연기의 노출은 직 간접적으로 피부 표피 내 지질의 산화를 야기한다. 피부의 지질 산화에 의해 squalene과 squalene monohydroperoxide의 비율 변화가 발생하고, malondialdehyde (MDA)가 지질산화 산물로 생성된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 담배연기 노출 시 발생하는 피부 산화에 대하여 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 방지할 수 있는 효능이 있는지에 대하여 MDA의 생성량으로 관찰하였다. 시험대상자 전박부를 세 영역(음성대조, 양성대조, 시험제품)으로 나누어 각 지름 3.3 cm의 원으로 구획하고, 15분간 담배연기에 노출 후 피부 표면으로부터 지질막을 걷어낸 후 TBARS assay를 통하여 MDA를 정량 하였다. 음성대조(무도포, 미노출)에 비해 양성대조(무도포, 담배연기 노출)의 MDA 생성량이 3.7배 증가된 결과로, 오염물질인 담배연기에 의한 피부의 산화적 손상을 확인하였다. 반면에 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품을 미리 도포한 영역은 양성대조에 비해 MDA 생성량이 25% 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 담배연기 노출은 피부표피 내 지질 산화를 야기하며, 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 이러한 대기환경오염으로부터 방어적 효과(안티폴루션 효과)를 보이는 것을 확인하였다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.569-611
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• 2018

중국의 고속 경제성장과 도시화 산업화는 생활환경 전반을 급격히 악화시키고 있으며, 특히 대기오염물질은 중국 국내 뿐 아니라 인접국가인 한국의 대기환경 악화의 주요 외부요인으로 작용하고 있다. 최근 중국 정부는 석탄연소로 인한 대기오염에 대한 방지 관리와 대기환경 개선 정책을 대대적으로 시행해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 석탄연소에 따른 대기오염과 석탄화력 발전 대기오염물질 배출에 대한 중국정부의 규제관리 동향을 살펴봄으로써 중국 대기환경 정책의 주요 제도적 배열의 흐름과 상세 현황을 파악하였다. 그 결과, 석탄화력발전 대기오염물질 배출에 대한 중국 정부당국의 규제는 권역별 규제와 발전설비 유형별 규제 실시 등을 통해 이전보다 세분화된 것을 확인하였고, 대기오염물질 배출허용 기준 역시 강화되고 있으며, 13차 5개년 계획 기간의 목표년도인 2020년에 맞춰 직접적인 규제 및 방지 관리 등이 정책제도 측면에서 더욱 강화될 것으로 파악되었다. 하지만, 중국 대기질 개선 정책의 실질적인 효과와 실행 가능성 여부는 과학적 근거에 기반을 두고 신중하게 평가되어야 하며, 한국 등 인접국가에 미치는 영향이 충분히 고려되지 않은 한계점에는 개선이 요구된다. 이를 위해서는 지속가능한 한 중 환경협력 네트워크를 구축하고 강화시켜 나가는 것이 필수적으로 전제되어야 하며, 비단 중국의 대기오염뿐만 아니라 에너지정책, 산업 기술, 글로벌 환경거버넌스 등 다양한 요인을 고려한 통합적 접근과 중장기적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.584-588
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• 2019

디젤엔진 시스템은 미세먼지 배출의 엄격해진 저감/제어 기준을 충족하기 위해서 산화촉매는 매우 중요한 기술 중에 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 효율적인 soot산화의 촉매로 Ag 나노입자가 loading된 $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_3$ 섬유상 web 촉매를 제시하였다. 제조된 촉매는 FE-SEM, EDS mapping, XRD, XPS 분석을 통해 특성을 평가하였다. Soot 산화성능측정결과 Ag의 효율적인 촉매특성과 증가된 soot입자와 표면의 접촉면적으로 인하여 50% 산화온도 평가($T_{50}=490^{\circ}C$)에서 자연적인 산화보다 $151^{\circ}C$ 가속화된 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 Ag가 loading된 촉매와 3차원적인 web 구조는 soot 산화에 효율적인 촉매후보군으로 확인하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.382-392
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• 2018

Objective: Allergic diseases such as asthma due to fungal exposure in houses have increased, and proper management is urgent. Mold can grow in the air, floor, walls, and other areas according to environmental conditions, and there are many limitations to the conventional methodology for examining fungal exposure. For this reason, the degree of fungal contamination is being evaluated by ERMI (Environmental Relative Moldiness Index), a quantitative analysis method proposed by the EPA. In this study, we compared ERMI values between water-damaged dwellings and non-damaged ones to evaluate the effectiveness of Korean ERMI values. We also explored the association of ERMI values with the level of airborne mold and characteristics of dwellings. Methods: Floor dust was collected after installing a Dustream collector on the suction port of a vacuum cleaner. The collected samples were filtered to remove only 5 mg of dust, and DNA was extracted using the FastDNA SPIN KIT protocol. Results: The ERMI values were found to be 19.6 (-6.9-58.8) for flooded houses, 7.5 (-29.2-48.3) for leaks/condensation, and 0.8 (-29.2-37.9) for non-damaged dwellings. The airborne concentration of mold for flooded, leakage or condensed, and non-damaged houses were $684CFU/m^3$, $566CFU/m^3$, and $378CFU/m^3$, respectively. The correlation between ERMI values and the levels of airborne mold was low (R = 0.038), but a weakly significant association of the ERMI values with the concentration of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) was observed as well(R=0.231,P<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings show that the reference value using ERMI can be used to distinguish water-damaged and non-damaged dwellings. It is believed that ERMI values could be a promising tool for assessing long-term fungal exposure in dwellings.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

PMF 수용모델을 사용하여 안면도 측정소에서 2년간 측정한 초미세먼지의 유기성분의 주요 영향원을 파악하였다. 5개 또는 6개의 요인이 최적으로 나타났으며, 6개의 요인이 결과를 더 잘 해석하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이들 요인의 계절별 특성과 영향도 변화를 고려하여 결정한 주요 오염원은 이차유기성분(10.3%), 연소(12.0%), 자연적 생물성 기원(24.8%) 장거리이동식생소각(7.3%), 국지적 생체소각(26.4%), 장거리이동 오염원(19.2%)이다. 안면도 측정소는 배경지역의 특성인 자연적 생물성 기원, 이차유기성분과 장거리이동 오염원의 영향도가 크게 나타나면서도, 비도심의 특성인 국지적 식생소각과 연소 영향도 나타나고 있다. 이는 안면도 측정소에서는 인위적인 영향에 의한 유기성분 특성은 제한적임을 보여준다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2023

Nitrogen fertilizers applied to agricultural lands for crop cultivation can be volatilized as ammonia. The released ammonia can catalyze the formation of ultrafine dust (particulate matter, PM2.5), classified as a short-lived climate change pollutant, in the atmosphere. Currently, one of the prominent methods for fertilizer application in agricultural lands is soil surface application, which comprises spraying the fertilizers onto the soil surface, followed by mixing the fertilizers with the soil. Owing to the low nitrogen absorption rate of crops, when nitrogen fertilizers are applied in this manner, they can be lost from land surfaces through volatilization. Therefore, investigating a new fertilization method to reduce ammonia emissions and increase the fertilizer utilization efficiency of crops is necessary. In this study, to develop a method for reducing ammonia emissions from nitrogen fertilizers applied to soil surfaces, deep fertilization was conducted using a newly developed deep fertilization device, and ammonia emissions from barley, garlic, and onion fields were examined. Conventional fertilization (surface application) and deep fertilization (soil depth of 25 cm) were conducted for analysis. The fertilization rate was 100% of the standard fertilization rate used for barley, and deep fertilization of N, P, and K fertilizers was implemented. Ammonia emissions were collected using a wind tunnel chamber, and quantified subsequently susing the indole-phenol blue method. Ammonia emissions released from the basal fertilizer application persisted for approximately 58 d, beginning from approximately 3 d after fertilization in conventional treatments; however, ammonia was not released from deep fertilization. Moreover, barley, garlic, and onion yields were higher in the deep fertilization treatment than in the conventional fertilization treatment. In conclusion, a new fertilization method was identified as an alternative to the current approach of spraying fertilizers on the soil surface. This new method, which involves injecting nitrogen fertilizers at a soil depth of 25 cm, has the potential to reduce ammonia emissions and increase the yields of barley, garlic, and onion.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Ammonia gas emitted from nitrogen fertilizers applied in agricultural land is an environmental pollutant that catalyzes the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). A significant portion (12-18%) of nitrogen fertilizer input for crop cultivation is emitted to the atmosphere as ammonia gas, a loss form of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural land. The widely practiced method for fertilizer use in agricultural fields involves spraying the fertilizers on the surface of farmlands and mixing those with the soils through such means as rotary work. To test the potential reduction of ammonia emission by nitrogen fertilizers from the soil surface, we have added N, P, and K at 2 g each to the glass greenhouse soil, and the ammonia emission was analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment consisted of non-fertilization, surface spray (conventional fertilization), and soil depth spray at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Ammonia was collected using a self-manufactured vertical wind tunnel chamber, and it was quantified by the indophenol-blue method. As a result of analyzing ammonia emission after fertilizer treatments by soil depth, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment immediately after spraying the fertilizer in the paddy soil, with no ammonia emission occurring at a soil depth of 10 cm to 30 cm. In the upland soil, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment after 2 days of treatment, and there was no ammonia emission at a soil depth of 15 cm to 30 cm. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage treated with fertilizer at depths of 20 cm and 30 cm showed increases of fresh weight and nutrient and potassium contents. CONCLUSION(S): In conclusion, rather than the current fertilization method of spraying and mixing the fertilizers on the soil surface, deep placement of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil at 10 cm or more in paddy fields and 15 cm or more in upland fields was considered as a better fertilization method to reduce ammonia emission.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.392-404
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• 2015

Objectives: This study measured and analyzed the concentrations of crystalline silica, elemental carbon and the contribution ratio of pollutants which influence environmental and respiratory disease around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex in Daegu, Korea. Methods: We analyzed the crystalline silica and elemental carbon in the air according to FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and NIOSH(National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health) method 5040, respectively. In addition, lead stable isotopes, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were analyzed using MC-ICP/MS(Multi Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometer), and IRMS(Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer), respectively. Results: The concentration of crystalline silica in the direct exposure area around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex was found to be $0.0014{\pm}0.0005mg/Sm^3$, but not to exceed the exposure standards of the ACGIH(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). In the case of the autumn, the direct exposure area was found to show a level 2.5 times higher than the reference area, and on the whole, the direct exposure area was found to have a level 1.4 times higher than the reference area. The concentration of elemental carbon in the direct exposure area and in the reference area were found to be $0.0014{\pm}0.0006mg/Sm^3$, and $0.0006{\pm}0.0003mg/Sm^3$, respectively. This study confirmed the contribution ratio of coal raw materials to residentially deposited dusts in the area within 500 meters from the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and the surrounding area with a stable isotope ratio of 24.0%(0.7-62.7%) on average in the case of carbon and nitrogen, and 33.9%(26.6-54.1%) on average in the case of lead stable isotopes. Conclusions: This study was able to confirm correlations with coal raw materials used by the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and the surrounding area. The concentration of some pollutants, crystalline silica, and elemental carbon emitted to the direct-influence area around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than in the reference area. Therefore, we need to impose continuous and substantive reduction countermeasures in the future to prevent particulate matter and coal raw materials in the study area. It is time for the local government and authorities to prepare active administrative methods such as the relocation of Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.