• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2015

The collection of fine particulate matter samples was made at Gosan site of Jeju Island, one of the background sites of Korea, during a year of 2013, and their water-soluble ionic species were analyzed in order to examine the chemical compositions and pollution characteristics. The concentrations of $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4{^{+}}$, $NO_3{^{-}}$, and $K^+$ had occupied 66.0% of water-soluble ionic species in $PM_{10}$, especially 94.3% in $PM_{2.5}$ fine mode, however the $nss-Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ showed high concentrations in $PM_{10-2.5}$ coarse mode. $NO_3{^-}/nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentration ratios in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}$ were 0.30 and 0.13, showing less significant effect from automobile and local pollution sources. The sulfate and nitrate compounds were presumed to be long-range transported to Gosan area by the relatively high SOR and NOR values. The trajectory cluster analysis showed the higher concentrations of the major secondary pollutants ($nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^{-}}$, $NH_4{^{+}}$) and $nss-Ca^{2+}$ when the air masses had moved from China continent and Korean peninsula into Gosan area.

• 대기
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2019

Air pollution in urban areas has become a serious problem in the recent years. Especially, high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) cause negative effects on human health. Several studies suggest urban forest as a tool for improving air quality because of the capability of forests in reducing PM concentrations through deposition and adsorption using leaf area. For this reason, the National Institute of Forest Science plans to install in-situ observation stations for PM and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) on a national scale to verify the net effect of forests on urban air pollution. To measure the quantitative change of PM concentrations due to the urban forest, stations should be located within and outside the forest area with respect to atmospheric circulation. In this study, we analyze the wind direction at the potential measurement sites to assess suitable locations for detecting the effect of urban forests on air quality in five cities (i.e. Gwangju, Daegu, Busan, Incheon, and Ilsan). This technical note suggests effective locations of in-situ measurements by considering main wind direction in the five cities of this study. A measurement station network created in the future based on the selected locations will allow quantitative measurements of PM concentration and BVOCs emitted from the urban forest and help provide a comprehensive understanding of the forest capabilities of reducing air pollution.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2005

To investigate secondary carbonaceous species within PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ in Seoul urban Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea. atmospheric particulate matters samples were collected at two sites of SMA at UOS (The University Of Seoul station) sites and IHU (InHa University of Incheon station) during the period of 4 to 14 January and 12 to 22 May, 11 to 15 August 2004, and their characteristics were qualitatively discussed. during January and May and August of 2004. Daily average mass concentration 0.095 mg/㎥ in PM$_{10}$ and 0.053 mg/㎥ in PM$_{2.5}$ for mass respectively. were observed in SMA. The concentrations of carbonaceous species contributed 18.4% and 16.4% of PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ during the sampling period, respectively, of which OC accounted for 68% and 52% more of the total carbon (TC). OC and EC concentrations and their mass percentages were higher in PM$_{2.5}$ than in PM$_{10}$ which could be attributed to generation process. Organic aerosols would constitute up to 38% of PM$_{2.5}$ based on the evaluation of 1.6 for the ratio of OC to organic particulate. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) were estimated to be more than 13% and up to 68% of total OC based on the minimum OC/EC ratio of 1.06/1.11 using least square method. Comparisons of OC and EC with trace elements. As results of carbonaceous species analysis, the dominant factor in view of fine particle (PM$_{10}$/PM$_{2.5}$) is primary emission source such as mobile, fossil fuel combustion etc. during winter time in SMA. But in summer periods, remarkable fine particle increasing factor was secondary organic carbon dependent to photochemical reaction. reaction.n. reaction.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Radon ($Rn^{222}$) is a radioactive gas and is found at high concentrations underground. Investigations were done in many years specifically on public transportations such as in the subway stations, concourses and platforms for these are located underground areas. This study correlates the $Rn^{222}$ concentrations with the Particulate Matter (PM) concentration for the gas could be attached or trapped inside these particles. It was done on the opening subway tunnel of Miasageori Station going to Mia Station (Line 4) last August 2016. Based on the result, the $Rn^{222}$ were more influenced on the mass ratio (%) of PM present in the air instead of its mass concentration (${\mu}g/m^3$). As the $PM_{10}$ mass ratio increases ($42.32{\pm}1.03%$) during morning rush-hours, radon starts to increase up to $0.97{\pm}0.03pCi/L$. But during the afternoon $Rn^{222}$ concentrations decreased while the composition were stable at $22.96{\pm}3.0%$, $39.04{\pm}0.6%$ and $38.01{\pm}0.3%$ in $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ respectively. It was then assumed that it could be the composition of the morning hours of the station were influencing the concentration of the radon.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.466-482
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• 2020

본 연구는 도로에서 발생하는 미세먼지 농도가 도시 개발 형태에 따라 인접 생활권별로 어떻게 확산되는지 시뮬레이션을 통해 파악하고자 하였다. 연구는 경상남도 밀양시청 앞 6차선 도로를 중심으로 한 도로영향권 시가지를 대상으로 진행하였다. 시뮬레이션 프로그램인 ENVI-met 모델을 가로녹지 유무, 도로변 건축물의 높이에 따라 변수를 조정하여 미세먼지 농도의 확산정도를 파악하였다. 모델링 결과 도로변 건물이 고층으로 형성되어 있고 가로녹지가 조성되어 있는 경우 인접 생활권으로 확산된 미세먼지 농도가 가장 낮았으며, 다음으로는 고층건물군에 가로녹지가 없는 상태의 농도가 낮았다. 반면 저층건물군이 형성된 경우에는 가로녹지 유무에 관계없이 인접생활권으로 확산된 미세먼지 농도는 높게 나타났다. 고층건물의 경우 빌딩풍에 의해 건축물 주변으로 강한 바람이 형성되는 만큼 바람에 의해 미세먼지가 빠르게 외부로 확산되어 농도가 낮아지는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 반면 가로녹지 조성이 도로변 생활권에 미치는 미세먼지 저감효과는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 특히 도로변 건축물이 저층일 경우 가로녹지를 조성과 생활권미세먼지농도변화와 관련성은 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 미세먼지가 도로에서만 발생하는 것을 가정하여 모델링을 진행한 것으로 향후 다양한 변수에 따른 미세먼지 확산모형 연구 및 현장연구의 보완을 필요로 하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.356-360
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• 2018

인구증가와 개발 도상 국가의 산업 활동 증가로 인해 대기 중 미세먼지농도가 상승함에 따라 생태계에 미치는 영향이 심각해지고 있다. 그로인해 미세먼지발생을 줄이기 위한 정책을 수립하여 시행하거나 미세먼지를 여과해주는 공기청정기나 마스크의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전기방사실험을 통해 셀룰로스 아세테이트 파이버 필터를 제조하고 고분자용액에 활성탄을 첨가하여 미세입자 제거에 미치는 활성탄의 영향을 평가하였다. 미세입자 생성을 위해 염화나트륨 수용액을 사용하였으며, 공기 중 수분의 영향을 배제하기 위해 건조기를 설치하여 수분을 제거한 후 필터 성능을 분석하였다. 활성탄이 첨가될수록 미세입자 제거 효율은 증가하였으며, 아세톤 흡착량 또한 증가하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2008

Performance of electrostatic diesel PM filtration systems (E-DPS) with different types has been tested using the carbon particles generated by spark discharge in laboratory. Among the five electrostatic precipitators, the multiple wires cylindrical E-DPS with the highest collection efficiency and relatively lower differential pressure at the flow rate of $1\;m^3$/min, as an applicable device to diesel engine as an after treatment system, has been combined with another collection cylinder to improve the collection efficiency of diesel particulate matters generated from diesel engines. The multiple wires cylindrical E-DPS combined with the cylindrical collector showed the collection efficiency of more than 60% at the engine speed of 2,000 rpm with the engine loads of 25 and 50%.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.300-301
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• 2002

대기오염물질 배출계수는 국가기관, 연구기관, 학계, 배출사업장, 방지시설 업체 둥 수많은 분야에서 실질적으로 활용하고 있는 자료로서 배출원에 대한 배출특성을 직ㆍ간접적으로 파악할 수 있는 대표적 자료이다. 이는 대기오염 방지시설 및 설비의 설계, 오염물질 저감 계획의 수립 등 실질적인 대기 관리정책의 수립과 평가에 필수적으로 이용되고 있다. 그러나, 현재까지의 국내 대기오염 배출원에 대한 배출계수의 개발은 매우 저조한 상태로 미국 및 선진국의 배출계수를 그대로 사용하고 있는 실정이다. (중략)

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.380-391
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess airborne particulate matter pollution and its effect on health of residents living near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and its vicinities. Also, this study measured and analyzed the concentration of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals which influences on the environmental and respiratory disease in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex, Daegu, Korea. Methods: In this study, we analyzed various environmental pollutants such as particulate matter and heavy metals from Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex that adversely affected local residents's health. In particular, we verified the concentration distribution and characteristics of exposure for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ among particulate matters, and heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mg). In that regard, the official test method on air pollution in Korea for analysis of particulate matter and heavy metal in atmosphere were conducted. The large capacity air sampling method by the official test method on air pollution in Korea were applied for sampling of heavy metals in atmosphere. In addition, we evaluated the concentration of seasonal environmental pollutants for each point of residence in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and surrounding area. The sampling measured periods for air pollutants were from August 11, 2013 to February 21, 2014. Furthermore, we measured and analyzed the seasonal concentrations(summer, autumn and winter). Results: The average concentration for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ by direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.7, 1.4 and 1.9 times higher than reference region. In analysis results of seasonal concentrations for particulate matter in four direct influence and reference area, concentration levels for winter were generally somewhat higher than concentrations for summer and autumn. The average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were $0.0008{\pm}0.0004{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0141{\pm}0.0163{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0248{\pm}0.0059{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0026{\pm}0.0011{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0272{\pm}0.0084{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.4855{\pm}0.1862{\mu}g/Sm^3$, and $0.3068{\pm}0.0631{\mu}g/Sm^3$, respectively. In particularly, the average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.9, 3.6, 2.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, and 1.2 times higher than reference area, respectively. The continuous monitoring and management were required for some heavy metals such as Cr and Ni. Moreover, the average concentration in winter for particulate matter in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were generally higher than concentrations in summer and autumn. Also, average concentrations for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were from 1.5 to 2.0 times, 1.2 to 1.8 times, and 1.1 to 2.3 times higher than reference area, respectively. In results for seasonal atmospheric environment, TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metal concentrations in direct influence area were higher than reference area. Especially, the concentrations in C station were a high level in comparison with other area. Conclusions: In the results, some particulate matters and heavy metals were relatively high concentration, in order to understand the environmental pollution level and health effect in surrounding area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex. The concentration of some heavy metals emitted from direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than reference area. In particular, average concentration for heavy metals in this study were higher than average concentrations in air quality monitoring station for heavy metal for 7 years in Deagu metropolitan region. Especially, the residents near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex may be exposed to the pollutants(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals, etc) emitted from the factories in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

직경 $10{\mu}m$ 미만의 대기 미립자 물질(particulate matter, PM10)은 다양한 신체기관에서 산화 스트레스와 염증반응을 유발한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)에서 PM10에 의해 유도되는 반응성 산소종(ROS) 생성의 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 배양된 HEK를 PM10에 노출시켰을 때 ROS가 증가하였으며, 이는 항산화제 apocynin에 의해 저해되었다. PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS 생성에서 NADPH oxidase(NOX) family의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 이들의 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. PM10은 NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX)1 및 DUOX2의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. 다른 NOX들에 비교하여 DUOX1 및 DUOX2의 발현 수준이 높았으며, 이들 효소의 maturation factors, 즉 DUOXA1와 DUOXA2의 mRNA 발현도 PM10에 의하여 증가하였다. 칼슘 의존성 효소인 DUOX1과 DUOX2가 PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS의 생성을 매개하는지 조사하였다. 선택적인 세포내 칼슘 킬레이터인 BAPTA-AM은 PM10 및 칼슘 ionophore A23187에 유도된 ROS 생성을 감소시켰다. 작은 간섭 RNA (siRNA)에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 PM10에 의해 유도된 ROS의 생성을 감소시켰고 DUOX1 siRNA는 영향이 없었다. PM10은 interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8 및 interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ 등 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시켰다. siRNA에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 $IFN-{\gamma}$의 발현을 저해하였지만 다른 사이토카인의 발현은 저해하지 않았다. 본 연구는 PM10에 노출된 HEK의 ROS 생성 및 염증 반응에서 DUOX2가 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.