• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of combined addition of Ca and Y on the precipitation and age-hardening behavior of an extruded AZ91 alloy by conducting the aging treatment at 200 ℃ for hot-extruded AZ91 and AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloys. In the AZ91 alloy, many Mg₁₇Al₁₂ discontinuous precipitate (DP) bands formed during air cooling immediately after extrusion are present, whereas in the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy, a few DP bands and numerous Al₂Y, Al₈Mn₄Y, and Al₂Ca phase particles are distributed along the extrusion direction. The peak-aging time of the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy is 16 hours, twice that of the AZ91 alloy. Although both alloys have similar hardness before aging treatment, the hardness after peak-aging treatment (i.e., peak hardness) of the AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy is higher than that of the AZ91 alloy, as 93.1 and 88.7 Hv, respectively. The microstructures of both peak-aged alloys comprise DPs and continuous precipitates (CPs). However, the peak-aged AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y alloy has a smaller amount of DPs and a larger amount of CPs than the peak-aged AZ91 alloy. Additionally, the inter-particle spacings of DPs and CPs in the former are significantly narrower than those in the latter. These results demonstrate that the addition of small amounts of Ca and Y to a commercial AZ91 alloy considerably affects the formation rate, size, and amount of CPs and DPs during aging and resultant age-hardening behavior.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different metal conditioners for non-precious metal alloys for the bonding of porcelain to a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Disk-shaped specimens ($2.5{\times}10.0mm$) were cast with Co-Cr alloy and used as adherend materials. The bonding surfaces were polished with a 600-grid silicon carbide paper and airborne-particle abraded using $110{\mu}m$ alumina particles. Bonding specimens were fabricated by applying and firing either of the metal conditioners on the airborne-particle abraded surface, followed by firing porcelain into 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. Specimens without metal conditioner were also fabricated. Shear bond strength for each group (n=8) were measured and compared (${\alpha}=.05$). Sectional view of bonding interface was observed by SEM. EDS analysis was performed to determine the chemical elements of metal conditioners and to determine the failure modes after shear test. RESULTS. There were significant differences among three groups, and two metal conditioner-applied groups showed significantly higher values compared to the non-metal conditioner group. The SEM observation of the sectional view at bonding interface revealed loose contact at porcelain-alloy surface for non-metal conditioner group, however, close contact at both alloy-metal conditioner and metal conditioner-porcelain interfaces for both metal conditioner-applied groups. All the specimens showed mixed failures. EDS analysis showed that one metal conditioner was Si-based material, and another was Ti-based material. Si-based metal conditioner showed higher bond strengths compared to the Ti-based metal conditioner, but exhibited more porous failure surface failure. CONCLUSION. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the application of metal conditioner is recommended for the bonding of porcelain to cobalt-chromium alloys.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2001년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

The increasing interest in light weight materials coupled to the need for cost -effective processing have combined to create a significant opportunity for aluminum P/M. particularly in the automotive industry in order to reduce fuel emissions and improve fuel economy at affordable prices. Additional potential markets for Al PIM parts include hand tools. Where moving parts against gravity represents a challenge; and office machinery, where reciprocating forces are important. Aluminum PIM adds light weight, high compressibility. low sintering temperatures. easy machinability and good corrosion resistance to all advantages of conventional iron bm;ed P/rv1. Current commercial alloys are pre-mixed of either the AI-Si-Mg or AL-Cu-Mg-Si type and contain 1.5% ethylene bis-stearamide as an internal lubricant. The powder is compacted in closed dies at pressure of 200-500Mpa and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures between $580~630^{\circ}C$ in continuous muffle furnace. For some applications no further processing is required. although most applications require one or more secondary operations such as sizing and finishing. These sccondary operations improve the dimension. properties or appearance of the finished part. Aluminum is often considered difficult to sinter because of the presence of a stable surface oxide film. Removal of the oxide in iron and copper based is usually achieved through the use of reducing atmospheres. such as hydrogen or dissociated ammonia. In aluminum. this occurs in the solid st,lte through the partial reduction of the aluminum by magncsium to form spinel. This exposcs the underlying metal and facilitates sintering. It has recently been shown that < 0.2% Mg is all that is required. It is noteworthy that most aluminum pre-mixes contain at least 0.5% Mg. The sintering of aluminum alloys can be further enhanced by selective microalloying. Just 100ppm pf tin chnnges the liquid phase sintering kinetics of the 2xxx alloys to produce a tensile strength of 375Mpa. an increilse of nearly 20% over the unmodified alloy. The ductility is unnffected. A similar but different effect occurs by the addition of 100 ppm of Pb to 7xxx alloys. The lend changes the wetting characteristics of the sintering liquid which serves to increase the tensile strength to 440 Mpa. a 40% increase over unmodified aIloys. Current research is predominantly aimed at the development of metal matrix composites. which have a high specific modulus. good wear resistance and a tailorable coefficient of thermal expnnsion. By controlling particle clustering and by engineering the ceramic/matrix interface in order to enhance sintering. very attractive properties can be achicved in the ns-sintered state. I\t an ils-sintered density ilpproaching 99%. these new experimental alloys hnve a modulus of 130 Gpa and an ultimate tensile strength of 212 Mpa in the T4 temper. In contest. unreinforcecl aluminum has a modulus of just 70 Gpa.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2017

Gas turbines operating in dusty or sandy environment polluted with micron-sized solid particles are highly prone to blade surface erosion damage in compressor stages and molten sand attack in the hot-sections of turbine stages. Commercial/Military fixed-wing aircraft engines and helicopter engines often have to operate over sandy terrains in the middle eastern countries or in volcanic zones; on the other hand gas turbines in marine applications are subjected to salt spray, while the coal-burning industrial power generation turbines are subjected to fly-ash. The presence of solid particles in the working fluid medium has an adverse effect on the durability of these engines as well as performance. Typical turbine blade damages include blade coating wear, sand glazing, Calcia-Magnesia-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS) attack, oxidation, plugged cooling holes, all of which can cause rapid performance deterioration including loss of aircraft. The focus of this research work is to simulate particle-surface kinetic interaction on typical turbomachinery material targets using non-linear dynamic impact analysis. The objective of this research is to understand the interfacial kinetic behaviors that can provide insights into the physics of particle interactions and to enable leap ahead technologies in material choices and to develop sand-phobic thermal barrier coatings for turbine blades. This paper outlines the research efforts at the U.S Army Research Laboratory to come up with novel turbine blade multifunctional protective coatings that are sand-phobic, sand impact wear resistant, as well as have very low thermal conductivity for improved performance of future gas turbine engines. The research scope includes development of protective coatings for both nickel-based super alloys and ceramic matrix composites.

• Composites Research
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

본 논문은 금속복합재료를 반용융상태로 재가열하여 Thixoforming을 하는데 필요한 소재를 제공하기 위한 장비 설계와 제조방법 등에 관한 내용을 소개하고 있다. 장비 설계에서 기지재내에 강화재가 균일하게 분산되도록 하기 위하여 강화재의 연속주입 방법과 강화재의 온도를 제어하는 방법을 소개하고 있다. 일정한 양의 강화재를 기지재료 내에 분산시키는 것은 균일 혼합을 위하여 필요한 기술이다. 또한 분산시 강화재의 수분제거를 위하여 강화재의 온도를 제어하면서 연속적으로 강제분산시키는 것은 균일분산을 위하여 필요하다. 기지재의 초정 $\alpha$의 크기가 강화재의 분산성에 크게 영향을 미치기 때문에 기지재의 초기 온도가 초정$\alpha$의 크기에 미치는 영향 등을 검토하여 복합재료 빌렛트의 제조조건에 이용하였다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2003

Hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy is used much to automatic parts and material for the electronic parts because of the low coefficient of thermal expansion, superior thermal stability and superior wear resistance. In this work, A390 alloy specimens were fabricated for control of the Si particle size by various processes, such as spray-casting, permanent mold-casting and squeeze-casting. To minimize the effect of microporosity of the specimens, hot extrusion was carried out under equal condition. Each specimens were evaluated tensile properties at room temperature and thermal expansion properties in the range from room temperature to 400$^{\circ}C$. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the spray-cast and extruded specimens which have fine and well distributed Si particles were improved greatly compare to the permanent mold-cast and extruded ones. Specimens which have finer Si particles showed higher ultimate tensile strength and elongation than those having large Si particle size, and coefficient of thermal expansion of the specimens increased linearly with Si particle size. In case of the repeated high temperature exposures, thermal expansion properties of the spray-cast and extruded specimens were found to be more stable than those of the others due to the effect of fine and well distributed Si particles.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2003

The effect of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied in gas atomized TEX>$Al_{81}Si_{19}$ alloy powders and their extruded bars using SEM, tensile testing and wear testing. The Si particle size of He-gas atomized powder was about 200-800 nm. Each microstructure of the extruded bars with extrusion temperature (400, 450 and 50$0^{\circ}C$) showed a homogeneous distribution of primary Si and eutectic Si particles embedded in the Al matrix and the particle size varied from 0.1 to 5.5 ${\mu}m$. With increasing extrusion temperature from 40$0^{\circ}C$ to 50$0^{\circ}C$, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased from 282 to 236 ㎫ at 300 K and the specific wear increased at all sliding speeds due to the coarse microstructure. The fracture behavior of failure in tension testing and wear testing was also studied. The UTS of extrudate at 40$0^{\circ}C$ higher than that of 50$0^{\circ}C$ because more fine Si particles in Al matrix of extrudate at 40$0^{\circ}C$ prevented crack to propagate.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2011

Interest in advanced machining process such as AJM(abrasive jet machining) and CMP(chemical-mechanical polishing) using micro/nano-sized abrasives has been on the increasing demand due to wide use of super alloys, composites, semiconductor and ceramics, which are difficult to or cannot be processed by traditional machining methods. In this paper, the effects of pressure, wafer moving velocity and fluid viscosity were investigated by 2-dimensional finite element analysis method considering slurry fluid flow. From the investigation, it could be found that the simulation results quite corresponded well to the Preston's equation that describes pressure/velocity dependency on material removal. The result also revealed that the stress and corresponding material removal induced by the collision of particle may decrease under relatively high wafer moving speed due to the slurry flow resistance. In addition, the increase in slurry fluid viscosity causes the reduction of material removal rate. It should be noted that the viscosity effect can vary with the shape of abrasive particle.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2017

Fe-6.5 wt.% Si alloys are widely known to have excellent soft magnetic properties such as high magnetic flux density, low coercivity, and low core loss at high frequency. In this work, disc-shaped preforms are prepared by spark plasma sintering at 1223 K after inert gas atomization of Fe-6.5 wt.% Si powders. Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheets are rolled by a powder hot-rolling process without cracking, and their microstructure and soft magnetic properties are investigated. The microstructure and magnetic properties (saturation magnetization and core loss) of the hot-rolled Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheets are examined by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, vibration sample magnetometry, and AC B-H analysis. The Fe-6.5 wt.% Si sheet rolled at a total reduction ratio of 80% exhibits good soft magnetic properties such as a saturation magnetization of 1.74 T and core loss ($W_{5/1000}$) of 30.7 W/kg. This result is caused by an increase in the electrical resistivity resulting from an increased particle boundary density and the oxide layers between the primary particle boundaries.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.561-565
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• 2007

Because of a good wear resistance and a stable contact resistance, Ag-CdO is widely used as electrical contact material. But, the Cd-oxide mainly exists as a coarse particle and adversely affected to environment. As a reason, $Ag-SnO_2$ alloy has been developed. The Sn-oxide maintains stable and fine particle even at high temperature. In order to investigate the effect of Misch metal (Mm) additional that affects the formation of the oxide and the formation of fine matrix Ag, we studied the microstructures and properties of Ag-Sn-In(-Mm) material fabricated by rapid solidification process. The experimental procedure were melting using high frequency induction, melt spinning, and internal oxidation. The Mm addition makes Ag matrix more fine than no Mm addition. The reason is that the addition of Misch metal decreased a latent heat of fusion of alloy, as a result the rapid solidification effect of alloy is increased. The maximum hardness shows at 0.3 wt%Mm. after that the hardness is decreased until 0.4 wt% Mm, but still larger than no Mm addition alloy. At 0.5 wt% Mm alloy, the precipitation of Misch metal causes a decrease of hardness than no Mm addition alloy.