• 제목/요약/키워드: Particle Transition

검색결과 281건 처리시간 0.02초

Effect of NCO/OH Ratio and Chain Extender Content on Properties of Polycarbonate Diol-based Waterborne Polyurethane

  • Kim, Eun-jin;Kwon, Yong Rok;Chang, Young-Wook;Kim, Dong Hyun
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제57권1호
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 2022
  • Polycarbonate diol-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was prepared by prepolymer mixing process. The prepolymer mixture contained the polycarbonate diol, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylol propionic acid, triethylamine, and ethylenediamine (EDA). The NCO/OH ratio in the prepolymer was adjusted by controlling the molar ratio of IPDI, and its effects on the properties of WPU were studied. The structure of WPU was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average particle size increased and viscosity decreased with increasing NCO/OH ratio and EDA content in WPU. The reduced phase separation between soft and hard segments increased glass transition temperature. The reduction in the thermal decomposition temperature could be attributed to the low bond energy of urethane and urea groups, which constituted the hard segment. Additionally, the polyurethane chain mobility was restricted, elongation decreased, and tensile strength increased. The hydrogen bond between the hard segments formed a dense structure that hindered water absorption.

Effect of Multi-functional Group of Acrylate Crosslinker on Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane-acrylate

  • Moon, Seok Kyu;Kim, Eun-jin;Kwon, Yong Rok;Kim, Jung Soo;Kim, Hae Chan;Park, Han Soo;Kim, Dong Hyun
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제57권3호
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    • pp.100-106
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    • 2022
  • Waterborne polyurethane-acrylate(WPUA) dispersions were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in a two-step process. In the first step, polytetrahydrofuran, isophorone diisocyanate, dimethylol proponic acid, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were used to synthesize a vinyl-terminated polyurethane prepolymer. In the second step, styrene, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and different multi-functional crosslinkers were copolymerized. 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate were used as the crosslinkers, and their effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of WPUA was investigated. Overall, as the number of functional groups of the cross-linker increased, the gel fraction improved to 79.26%, the particle size increased from 75.9 nm to 148.7 nm, and the tensile strength was improved from 5.86 MPa to 12.40 MPa. In thermal properties, the glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature increased by 9.9℃ and 18℃, respectively. The chemical structures of the WPUA dispersions were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized WPUA has high potential for applications such as coatings, leather coatings, adhesives, and wood finishing.

Preexsiting Suprathermal Electrons and Preacceleration at Quasi-Perpendicular Shocks in Merging Galaxy Clusters

  • Ha, Ji-Hoon;Ryu, Dongsu;Kang, Hyesung;Kim, Sunjung
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제46권2호
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    • pp.51.1-51.1
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    • 2021
  • Merger shocks with Ms < ~ 3 - 4 have been detected in galaxy clusters through radio observations of synchrotron radiations emitted from cosmic-ray (CR) electrons. The CR electrons are believed to be produced by the so-called diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at the merger shocks. To describe the acceleration of electrons, the injection into DSA has to be understood. Recent studies have showed that electrons could be energized through stochastic shock drift acceleration (SSDA), a mechanism mediated by multi-scale plasma waves at shock transition zone. However, such preacceleration process seems to be effective only at the supercritical shocks with Ms > ~ 2.3, implying that further studies should be done to explain radio relics with weaker shocks. In this talk, we present the results obtained by fully kinetic 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, which include pre-existing suprathermal electrons possibly ejected from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or produced by previous episodes of turbulence/shocks. The simulations indicate that the pre-existing electrons enhance the upstream plasma waves in shocks with Ms < ~ 2.3. However, the wavelength of such waves is not long enough to scatter off suprathermal electrons and energize them to the injection momentum for DSA. Hence, we conclude that preexciting suprathermal electrons alone would not solve the problem of electron acceleration at radio relic shocks.

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A PIC Simulation Study for Electron Preacceleration at Weak Quasi-Perpendicular Galaxy Cluster Shocks

  • Ha, Ji-Hoon;Kim, Sunjung;Ryu, Dongsu;Kang, Hyesung
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제46권1호
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    • pp.36.2-36.2
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    • 2021
  • In the outskirts of galaxy clusters, weak shocks with Ms < ~3 appear as radio relics where the synchrotron radiation is emitted from cosmic-ray (CR) electrons. To understand the production of CR electrons through the so-called diffusive shock acceleration (DSA), the electron injection into the DSA process at shocks in the hot intracluster medium (ICM) has to be described. However, the injection remains as an unsolved, outstanding problem. To explore this problem, 2D Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations were performed. In this talk, we present the electron preacceleration mechanism mediated by multi-scale plasma waves in the shock transition zone. In particular, we find that the electron preacceleration is effective only in the supercritical shocks, which have the sonic Mach number Ms > Mcrit ≈ 2.3 in the high-beta (β~100) plasma of the ICM, because the Alfven ion cyclotron instability operates and hence multi-scale plasma waves are induced only in such supercritical shocks. Our findings will help to understand the nature of radio relics in galaxy clusters.

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Flow patterns and related vibrations around an inclined U-profile

  • Johannes Strecha;Stanislav Pospisil;Herbert Steinruck
    • Wind and Structures
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.31-45
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    • 2024
  • This paper examines the flow characteristics around an inclined prism with a U-shaped cross-section ("U-profile") and investigates the connection between the flow and flow-induced vibrations. The study employs a combined approach that involves wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model. Distinct vortex formation patterns are observed in the flow field surrounding the stationary inclined profile. When the cavity of the profile faces away from the incoming flow, large vortices develop behind the profile. Conversely, when the cavity is oriented towards the oncoming flow, these vortices form within the cavity. Notably, due to the slow movement of these large vortices through the cavity, the frequency at which vortices are shed in the negative inclination case is lower compared to the positive inclination, where they form in the wake. Wind tunnel experiments reveal an intermittent transition between the two vortex formation patterns at zero inclination. Large vortices sporadically emerge both in the cavity and behind the profile. The simulation results demonstrate that when these large vortices occur at a frequency close to the structure's natural frequency, they induce prominent pitch vibrations. This phenomenon is also sought after and presented in coupled vibration experiments. Additionally, the simulations indicate that when the natural frequency of the structure is considerably lower than the vortex shedding frequency, this type of vibration can be observed.

수용액에서의 소수성실리카를 이용한 스티렌/부틸메타크릴레이트 입자 및 카본블랙을 함유한 복합체 입자의 합성 (Preparation of Copoly(styrene/butyl methacrylate) Beads and Composite Particles containing Carbon Black with Hydrophobic Silica as a Stabilizer in Aqueous Solution)

  • 정경호;박문수
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.43-53
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    • 2012
  • 물을 반응매체로 하고 스티렌과 부틸메타크릴레이트 (BMA)를 단량체로 하여 $65^{\circ}C$에서 $95^{\circ}C$ 사이의 선택된 온도에서 현탁중합을 실시하였다. 소수성 실리카를 안정제로, azobisisobutyronirile (AIBN)을 개시제로 선택하였다. 안정제의 최적 분산은 pH 10에서 이루어졌으며 반응은 pH 7에서 진행하였다. TGA 및 EDS 측정으로 사용한 실리카의 90%는 안정제로 10%는 입자 내로 유입되는 것으로 분석되었다. 안정제의 농도가 증가할수록 평균입경은 감소하였다. 분자량은 안정제의 농도가 1.67 wt%에 이르며 증가하였다. 개시제의 농도 및/혹은 반응온도의 상승에 따라 반응속도는 증가하였으나 분자량은 감소하였다. 입자의 입경은 개시제의 농도 및 반응온도에 거의 무관하였다. BMA의 비가 증가하면서 유리전이온도는 감소하였으며 불규칙한 형상의 입자가 증가하였다. 카본블랙을 함유하는 스티렌/BMA의 중합반응은 반응완료에 보다 많은 시간이 소요되었다. 소수성 실리카를 안정제로 하는 현탁중합반응을 이용하여 카본블랙을 함유하는 평균입경이 $1-30{\mu}m$의 구형 폴리(스티렌-BMA) 공중합체 복합체 입자를 합성할 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다.

변형률에 따른 모래-고무 혼합재의 거동 특성: 실험적 관찰 (Characteristics of Sand-Rubber Mixtures under Different Strain Levels: Experimental Observation)

  • 이창호;변용훈;이종섭
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.85-94
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    • 2011
  • 다양한 모래부피비($sf=V_{sand}/V_{total}$)를 가지는 시료를 조성하여 변형률 크기에 따른 모래-고무 혼합재($D_{sand}/D_{rubber}=1$)의 거동을 분석하였다. 공진주시험, 압밀시험, 그리고 직접전단시험을 실시하였다. 변형률 크기에 따라 모래와 고무는 혼합재 전체 거동을 서로 다르게 제어한다. $sf{\geq}0.4$의 혼합재는 비선형 전단강성의 감소가 관찰되는 반면, $sf{\leq}0.2$의 낮은 모래부피비를 가지는 혼합재는 상당히 높은 탄성한계변형률을 보인다. 고무 입자가 force chain의 역할을 수행할 때 수직변형은 급격한 증가를 보인다. 혼합재 내의 고무부피비가 감소함에 따라 혼합재의 강도는 증가하는 경향을 보이며 $sf{\leq}0.8$의 혼합재는 전단변형에 따라 부피 수축 거동을 보인다. 고무 입자는 변형률 크기에 따라 혼합재 내에서 서로 다른 역할을 수행한다: 미소변형률 영역에서는 혼합재 내의 접촉수 증가 및 소성의 제어; 중간변형률 영역에서는 force chain의 좌굴 방지; 그리고 대변형률 영역에서는 혼합재의 부피수축 거동을 이끈다.

전기화학적으로 형성된 알파 상 니켈 수산화물의 층간 거리에 미치는 음이온의 영향 연구 (Contraction of Alpha-nickel Hydroxide Layers by Excess Coulombic Attraction of Anions)

  • 김광범;;배상원;이재성;남경완
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.141-152
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    • 2006
  • 이 연구에서는 고등학교 화학II 교과서의 ‘용액' 단원에 대한 내용을 입자 수준으로 표현한 컴퓨터 보조 수업자료를 개발하고 그 효과를 고등학교 1학년과 2학년 학생들에게 적용하여 그 효과를 알아보았다. 개발된 내용은 교과서에서 제시한 ‘용액' 단원의 주요 내용으로 용해, 증기압, 끓는점과 어는점의 변화, 삼투현상 등으로 구성되었다. 이 연구에서는 애니메이션과 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 자료를 개발하였다. 이 자료에서는 특히 용액에서 일어나는 현상에 대한 주요 개념을 입자 관점에서 이해할 수 있도록 중점을 두었 다. 용액의 여러 현상들을 용액의 총괄성으로 단순화하지 않고, 용매와 용질 사이의 인력 개념으로 설명하였다. 용액과 관련된 자료의 제작은 플래시 5.0과 플래시 6.0의 Action Script를 이용하였다. 개발한 자료를 고등학교 학생들에게 투입한 결과, 통계적으로 유의미하게 개념 향상을 나타내었으며 특히 고등학교 1학년은 과도기와 형식적 조작기 학생들에게, 그리고 고등학교 2학년의 경우에는 형식적 조작기 학생들과 자연계열 학생들에게서 그 효과가 크게 나타났다.

Fe3O4 분말제조와 자기적 특성 (Growth of Fe3O4 Particles and Their Magnetic Properties)

  • 권우현;이승화;채광표;이재광;서정철
    • 한국자기학회지
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.180-185
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    • 2009
  • Sol-gel 법을 이용하여 Fe$_3$O$_4$ 분말을 합성하였으며, 합성한 분말의 구조적 특성, 입자의 모양 및 크기, 자기적 특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 두 가지의 다른 성분비 (Fe$^{2+}$와 Fe$^{3+}$의 몰 당량비를 1 : 2와 Fe$^{2+}$ 만을 사용)와 2-methoxyethanol 용매를 사용하여 refluxing한 후, 질소 분위기에서 200$\sim$600$^{\circ}C$로 열처리하여 페라이트 분말을 합성할 수 있었다. X-선 회절기를 이용하여 합성한 시료의 결정구조를 확인한 결과 두 경우 모두 250$^{\circ}C$ 이상의 열처리로 단일상의 spinel 페라이트가 만들어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 전계방출 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관측한 결과에 의하면 열처리 온도가 높아짐에 따라 입자의 크기 증가를 관측할 수 있었다. Mossbauer 분광 실험에서 입자의 크기 변화에 따른 상자성체에서 준강자성체로의 전이를 관측할 수 있었다. 몰 당량비를 1 : 2의 비율로 혼합 후 250$^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 분말은 크기가 상자성체와 준강자성체의 경계에 위치하며 이중 78%의 시료는 준강자성체의 특성을 22%의 분말은 상자성체의 특성을 가짐을 알 수 있었다. Fe$^{2+}$ 이온만을 사용하는 만든 Fe$_3$O$_4$ 분말은 200$^{\circ}C$의 열처리로 spinel 구조를 가지나 입자의 크기가 작아서 상자성체의 특성을 지닌다. 250$^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 열처리한 시료는 준비 방법에 무관하게 전형적인 Fe$_3$O$_4$ 분말의 연자성 특성을 보이고 있으며, 열처리 온도가 높아감에 따라 포화자화가 증가하고 보자력 또한 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Exposure and Toxicity Assessment of Ultrafine Particles from Nearby Traffic in Urban Air in Seoul, Korea

  • Yang, Ji-Yeon;Kim, Jin-Yong;Jang, Ji-Young;Lee, Gun-Woo;Kim, Soo-Hwan;Shin, Dong-Chun;Lim, Young-Wook
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • 제28권
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    • pp.7.1-7.9
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    • 2013
  • Objectives We investigated the particle mass size distribution and chemical properties of air pollution particulate matter (PM) in the urban area and its capacity to induce cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Methods To characterize the mass size distributions and chemical concentrations associated with urban PM, PM samples were collected by a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor close to nearby traffic in an urban area from December 2007 to December 2009. PM samples for in vitro cytotoxicity testing were collected by a mini-volume air sampler with $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ inlets. Results The PM size distributions were bi-modal, peaking at 0.18 to 0.32 and 1.8 to $3.2{\mu}m$. The mass concentrations of the metals in fine particles (0.1 to $1.8{\mu}m$) accounted for 45.6 to 80.4% of the mass concentrations of metals in $PM_{10}$. The mass proportions of fine particles of the pollutants related to traffic emission, lead (80.4%), cadmium (69.0%), and chromium (63.8%) were higher than those of other metals. Iron was the dominant transition metal in the particles, accounting for 64.3% of the $PM_{10}$ mass in all the samples. We observed PM concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions We found that exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ from a nearby traffic area induced significant increases in protein expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). The cell death rate and release of cytokines in response to the $PM_{2.5}$ treatment were higher than those with $PM_{10}$. The combined results support the hypothesis that ultrafine particles from vehicular sources can induce inflammatory responses related to environmental respiratory injury.