• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2000

In this study the effects of block distance have been investigated on the particle deposition efficiency in the collecting cell of two-stage electrostatic precipitator by numerical analysis. Particle trajectories have been changed by the electrostatic and inertial force of particle with the inlet velocity electrostatic number and particle diameter. The total deposition efficiency has a minimum value by the interaction between the effect of particle inertial force and electrostatic force in the collecting cell. The increase of block distance makes the total deposition efficiency decrease under the range of the particle size which has the minimum deposition efficiency. However beyond the range of particle size which has minimum deposition efficiency total deposition efficiency has no trend with the variation of block distance.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.154-159
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• 2001

Nakdong estuary is located at south-eastern coast of the Korea. A lot of sediment from upper river was deposited at this area. It has caused many problems such as changes in topography and tidal current. In this paper, field observation data on tidal currents and sediments were investigated as well as historical topographic changes by dredging and reclamation of the foreshore. Then, the numerical model considered the settling velocity of the suspended solids according to the particle size was applied to examine the characteristic of deposition. The results are as follows : 1. Changes of characteristics of deposition were caused by topographic changes of Nakdong estuary 2. Characteristics of deposition were influenced by river plume and tidal currents. 3. Numerical model which considers settling velocity reappeared distribution of deposition by particle-size. 4. Used model is only resonable for discussion in the quality, so, it is strongly suggested that the new model development is needed including the quatitative deposition processes.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2014

Vacuum kinetic spray(VKS) is a relatively advanced process for fabricating thin/thick and dense ceramic coatings via submicron-sized particle impact at room temperature. However, unfortunately, the particle velocity, which is an important value for investigating the deposition mechanism, has not been clarified yet. Thus, in this research, VKS average particle velocities were derived by numerical analysis method(CFD: computational fluid dynamics) connected with an experimental approach(SCM: slit cell method). When the process gas or powder particles are accelerated by a compressive force generated by gas pressure in kinetic spraying, a tensile force generated by the vacuum in the VKS system accelerates the process gas. As a result, the gas is able to reach supersonic speed even though only 0.6MPa gas pressure is used in VKS. In addition, small size powders can be accelerated up to supersonic velocity by means of the drag-force of the low pressure process gas flow. Furthermore, in this process, the increase of gas flow makes the drag-force stronger and gas distribution more homogenized in the pipe, by which the total particle average velocity becomes higher and the difference between max. and min. particle velocity decreases. Consequently, the control of particle size and gas flow rate are important factors in making the velocity of particles high enough for successful deposition in the VKS system.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1319-1332
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• 1995

Numerical analysis was performed to characterize the particle deposition behavior on a horizontal free-standing wafer with thermophoretic effect under the turbulent flow field. A low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. turbulence model was used to analyze the turbulent flow field around the wafer, and the temperature field for the calculation of the thermophoretic effect was predicted from the energy equation introducing the eddy diffusivity concept. The deposition mechanisms considered were convection, diffusion, sedimentation, turbulence and thermophoresis. For both the upper and lower surfaces of the wafer, the averaged particle deposition velocities and their radial distributions were calculated and compared with the laminar flow results and available experimental data. It was shown by the calculated averaged particle deposition velocities on the upper surface of the wafer that the deposition-free zone, where the deposition velocite is lower than 10$^{-5}$ cm/s, exists between 0.096 .mu.m and 1.6 .mu.m through the influence of thermophoresis with positive temperature difference of 10 K between the wafer and the ambient air. As for the calsulated local deposition velocities, for small particle sizes d$_{p}$<0.05 .mu.m, the deposition velocity is higher at the center of the wafer than at the wafer edge, whereas for particle size of d$_{p}$ = 2.0 .mu.m the deposition takes place mainly on the inside area of the wafer. Finally, an approximate model for calculating the deposition velocities was recommended and the calculated deposition velocity results were compared with the present numerical solutions, those of Schmidt et al.'s model and the experimental data of Opiolka et al.. It is shown by the comparison that the results of the recommended model agree better with the numerical solutions and Opiolka et al.'s data than those of Schmidt's simple model.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.424-432
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• 2002

Numerical analysis has been conducted to characterize deposition rates of aerosol particles onto a heated, rotating disk with electrostatic effect under the laminar flow field. The particle transport mechanisms considered were convection, Brownian diffusion, gravitational settling, thermophoresis and electrophoresis. The aerosol particles were assumed to have a Boltzmann charge distribution. The electric potential distribution needed to calculate local electric fields around the disk was calculated from the Laplace equation. The Coulomb, the image, the dielectrophoretic and the dipole-dipole forces acting on a charged particle near the conducting rotating disk were included in the analysis. The averaged particle deposition vetocities and their radial distributions on the upper surface of the disk were calculated from the particle concentration equation in a Eulerian frame of reference, along with a rotation speed of 0∼1,000rpm, a temperature difference of 0∼5K and a charged disk voltage of 0∼1000V.Finally, an approximate deposition velocity model for the rotating disk was suggested. The present numerical results showed relatively good agreement with the results of the present approximate model and the available experimental data.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.212-222
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• 1994

In the annular Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition process using two concentric tubes, the inner tube is heated to maintain high temperature gradients to have high thermophoretic force which can increase particle deposition efficiency. However, higher axial velocity in a narrow gap between inner and outer tubes can result in a longer tapered entry length. In the present paper, a new concept using an annular jet from the inner tube is presented and shown to significantly reduce the tapered entry length with maintaining high efficiency. Effects of a jet injection on heat transfer, fluid flow and particle deposition have been studied. Of particular interests are the effects of jet velocity, jet location and temperature on the deposition efficiency and tapered length . Torch heating effects from both the previous and present passes are included and the effect of surface radiation between inner and outer tubes is also considered.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

Numerical analysis was conducted to characterize particle deposition onto a heated horizontal semiconductor wafer in vacuum environment. In order to calculate the properties of gas surrounding the wafer, the gas was assumed to obey the ideal gas law. Particle transport mechanisms considered in the present study were convection, Brownian diffusion, gravitational settling and thermophoresis. Averaged particle deposition velocities on the upper surface of the wafer were calculated with respect to particle size, based on the numerical results from the particle concentration equation in the Eulerian frame of reference. The deposition velocities were obtained for system pressures of 1000 Pa~1 atm, wafer heating of 0~5 K and particle sizes of $2{\sim}10^4nm$. The present numerical results showed good agreement with the available experimental ones.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.445-451
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• 2000

To estimate dry deposition flux of 12 elements in aerosols, aerosol particles were sampled by a low-pressure impactor(LPI) and a dust jar. The concentrations of 12 elements in aerosol particle and dry deposition were analyzed by a PIXE analysis using as a 2.0 MeV-proton beam. The mean dry deposition velocities of 12 elements were estimated by ranges of 0.74∼2.62 cm/sec. The results showed that the highest value was 3.26 cm/sec for Ca and the lowest value 0.74 cm/sec for Fe. The dry deposition flux for elements was calculated as a function of particle size by 1-step method and 12-step method. In this work, dry deposition velocities were computed with the two existing models; the coarse-particle fraction(4∼30 mm diameter) using the dry deposition velocity model of the Noll and Fang(1998) and the fine-particle fraction (0.05∼4mm diameter) using the Shemel and Hodgson(1980) model. The ratios of the mean calculated/measured fluxes were 3.59 for 1-step method and 0.60 for 12-step method respectively.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.348-355
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• 2012

Cold spray deposition using Titanium powder was carried out to investigate the effects of powder morphology and powder preheating on the coating properties such as porosity and hardness. The in-flight particle velocity of Ti powder in cold spray process was directly measured using the PIV (particle image velocimetry) equipment. Two types of powders (spherical and irregular ones) were used to manufacture cold sprayed coating layer. The results showed that the irregular morphology particle appeared higher in-flight particle velocity than that of the spherical one under the same process condition. The coating layer using irregular morphology powder represented lower porosity level and higher hardness. Two different preheating conditions (no preheating and preheating at $500^{\circ}C$) were used in the process of cold spraying. The porosity decreased and the hardness increased by conducting preheating at $500^{\circ}C$. It was found that the coating properties using different preheating conditions were dependent not on the particle velocity but on the deformation temperature of particle. The deposition mechanism of particles in cold spray process was also discussed based on the experimental results of in flight-particle velocity.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

In kinetic spraying process, the critical velocity is an important criterion which determines the deposition of a feedstock particle onto the substrate. In other studies, it was experimentally and numerically proven that the critical velocity is determined by the physical and mechanical properties and the state of materials such as initial temperature, size and the extent of oxidation. Compared to un-oxidized feedstock, oxidized feedstock required a greater kinetic energy of in-flight particle to break away oxide film during impact. The oxide film formed on the surface of particle and substrate is of a relatively higher brittleness and hardness than those of general metals. Because of its physical characteristics, the oxide significantly affected the deposition behavior and critical velocity. In this study, in order to investigate the effects of oxidation on the deposition behavior and critical velocity of feedstock, oxygen contents of Al feedstock were artificially controlled, individual particle impact tests were carried out and the velocities of in-flight Al feedstock was measured for a wide range of process gas conditions. As a result, as the oxygen contents of Al feedstock increased, the critical velocity increased.