• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 민감 정보가 포함된 경우의 서포트 벡터 머신 (SVM) 학습 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기계 학습 모형들이 실세계의 자동화된 의사 결정을 가능하게 하였지만 규제들은 프라이버시 보호를 위해서 민감 정보들의 활용을 제한하고 있다. 특히 인종, 성별, 장애 여부와 같은 법적으로 보호되는 정보들의 프라이버시 보호는 필수이다. 본 연구에서는 완전 동형암호를 활용하여 부분적인 민감 정보가 포함된 경우에 최소 제곱 SVM (LSSVM) 모형을 효율적으로 학습할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 본 프레임워크에서는 데이터 소유주가 민감하지 않은 정보와 민감한 정보 모두를 가지고 있고, 이를 기계학습 서비스 제공자에게 제공할 때에 민감 정보만 암호화해서 제공하는 것을 가정한다. 결과적으로 데이터 소유자는 민감 정보를 노출시키지 않으면서도 암호화된 상태로 모형의 학습 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 모형을 실제 활용할 경우에는 모든 정보를 암호화하여 안전하게 예측 결과를 제공할 수 있도록 한다. 실제 데이터에 대한 실험을 통해 본 알고리즘이 동형암호로 구현될 경우에 원래의 LSSVM 모형과 비슷한 성능을 가질 수 있음을 확인해 볼 수 있었다. 또한, 개선된 효율적인 알고리즘에 대한 실험은 적은 성능 저하로 큰 연산 효율성을 달성할 가능성을 입증하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.509-523
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• 2016

토양 예측은 지속가능한 산지관리 측면에서 필요한 토양특성자료를 제공할 수 있다. 이중 가시 근적외선 분광반사 특성을 이용한 토양 예측은 저비용, 빠른 분석과 비파괴 측정, 비교적 높은 정확도로 관심을 받고 있다. 일반적으로 토양 분광반사특성 측정 과정에서 잡음이 나타날 수 있어 전처리 과정이 필요하다. 하지만 이러한 전처리 방법을 비교하고 평가하는 작업이 거의 이루어지지 못 했다. 본 연구에서는 토양 탄소와 질소 예측을 위해 5가지 전처리 방법을 비교하였다. 이는 연속체 제거, Savitzky-Golay 변환, 이산 웨이블렛(wavelet) 변환, 1차와 2차 도함수 변환이다. 토양예측 모델로 부분 최소제곱 회귀모형을 사용하였고, 총 153개 시료 중에서 검증을 위해 122개 훈련자료와 31개의 검증자료로 나누어 평가하였다. 전반적으로 토양시료의 탄소 함량이 높을수록 토양에 대한 입사 에너지의 흡수가 커지는 특성을 보였다. 파장별로는 가시광선 영역(650nm와 700nm)이 토양 탄소 그리고 질소와 가장 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 전처리 비교에서 연속체 제거가 토양 탄소(9.53mg/g)와 질소(0.79mg/g)에 대해 가장 높은 정확도(Root Mean Square Error)를 보였다. 따라서 토양 탄소와 질소 예측을 위해 연속체 제거가 가장 효과적인 분광반사특성 분석의 전처리 방법으로 판단되었다. 시각적인 평가에서 웨이블릿 변환이나 Savitzky-Golay 변환은 차이가 거의 없었고, 평가 결과도 유사했다. 따라서 다소 계산과정이 간단한 Savitzky-Golay 변환이 선호될 수 있다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2011

Three modes of VIS/NIR spectroscopic measurement (interactance and two modes of transmission) were compared for their ability to estimate soluble solids content (SSC) of 'Shingo' pear non-destructively. The two transmission modes are named as full- and semi-transmission, where full-transmission stands for passing of light through abdomen of pear and semi-transmission is for transit of light mainly through flesh of pear. For comparison of the modes, prediction models developed from the collected spectroscopic data by the three modes were developed and tested for comparison of their performance. Partial least square regression (PSLR) was used to develop the models and various pre-processing methods were applied to develop models of high accuracy. The experiment was repeated three times with pears produced in different regions. The experiments resulted that selection of pre-processing is very important to attain accurate models, and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was selected as a pre-processor of high accuracy for the three modes of spectroscopic measurement in every experiment. Except for MSC, different group of pre-processing methods were selected for the three modes of measurement in every experiment without any tendency to the tested modes of measurement and pears of different produced region. Root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of prediction models of the three modes of measurement using prepreocessor of MSC were compared for their ability to estimate SSC. The models resulted in ranges of $0.37{\sim}0.57^{\circ}Brix$, $0.65{\sim}0.72^{\circ}Brix$, $0.39{\sim}0.51^{\circ}Brix$ for interactance, full- and semi-transmission, respectively. As shown, modes of semi-transmission and interactance resulted about the same level of prediction accuracy and were noted as modes of high performance to predict SSC.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.717-726
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• 2009

Triton X-100이 함유된 상태에서 정색시약인 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol이 첨가된 물에서 구리 (II), 니켈(II)과 아연(II)의 동시 분광광도법적 정량을 위한 다변량 모델들이 개발되었다. 분광학적 간섭의 단점을 극복하기 위해서, 주성분회귀분석법(PCR)과 부분최소자승법(PLS) 다변량 분석법적 접근이 적용되었다. 다양한 시험 세트를 사용하여 본 방법의 수행이 입증되었고 그 결과들이 비교되었다. 일반적으로 PLS와 PCR 모델들 사이에 분석적 수행에서의 심각한 차이가 없었다. $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ 의 세 성분들을 사용한 예측의 제곱근 평균 제곱 오차(RMSEP)들은 각각 0.018, 0.010, 0.011 ppm이었다. 또한 감도, 분석감도, 검출한계(LOD)와 같은 가치들의 측면들이 평가되었다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 과정이 화합물 혼합용액과 수돗물 속의 $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$의 동시 검출에 적용되었을 때에 높은 신뢰도가 성취되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 전통 재래식 콩된장의 제조공정을 과학적으로 해석하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 생메주의 건조 및 발효과정에 있어서 수분함량과 단백질 분해에 의한 아미노산 생성과정을 근적외 분광법으로 쉽게 판단 할 수 있는지 그 가능성을 조사하였다. 생메주를 일정한 크기($3{\times}4{\times}3cm$)로 잘라서 수분이 30%가 되도록 $25^{\circ}C$ 항온기에 3주간 발효시킨 모델계 발효메주를 만들어 가시광-근적외 스펙트럼을 측정하여 해석하였다. 발효가 진행됨에 따라 수분이 감소되면서 수분과 관련이 있는 1,430 nm대의 흡광도가 감소 및 시프트 되는 것이 관찰되었고, 발효기간이 길어질수록 아미노산과 관련이 있는 2,050 nm대의 흡광도가 증가하는 것을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 전통 재래식 발효메주를 속부분과 겉부분으로 분리하여 1,000-2,250 nm에서의 가시광 스펙트럼과 근적외 스펙트럼 데이터로 판별분석한 결과, 겉부분과 속부분이 잘 판별되었고, 가시광 보다는 근적외 영역에서 잘 구분되었다. 이들 전통메주중의 아미노산 농도를 비파괴 측정하기 위해 PLSR한 결과 $R^2$은 0.9 이상이며, RMSECv 0.23%로 나타났으며, 전통메주중의 수분함량도 $R^2$ 0.81, RMSECv 0.83%이어서 근적외 분광법으로 전통메주의 품질을 비파괴 측정 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.59-92
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• 2012

본 연구는 최근 인사조직 분야에서 집중적인 조명을 받고 있는 윤리적 리더십을 유통경로 연구에 적용함으로써, 그 동안 그 중요성에 비해 덜 조명되었던 유통경로 내 조직 간 리더십에 대한 이해를 증진시키고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구는 비교적 최근 밝혀지기 시작한 윤리적 리더십의 선행변수에 초점을 맞춤으로 유통경로의 구성원 간 관계에서 윤리적 리더십이 형성되기 위해서는 어떻게 해야 하는 지를 규명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 조직의 성격특성과 관계유지전략이라는 두 가지 이론적 차원의 변수들과 실무자들과의 심층면접을 통해 중요하게 언급된 공급업체 관리활동 변수들을 실증하였다. 국내 6대 할인점에 상품을 공급하는 공급업체 295개 사의 납품 담당자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, PLS(Partial Least Square) 구조모형 분석을 통해 분석한 결과, 대형 할인점의 조직특성 중 양심이, 관계유지 전략 중 개방전략, 갈등관리전략, 사회망전략이, 공급업체 관리활동 중 교육훈련과 공정한 보상이 대형 할인점의 윤리적 리더십을 강화하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 대형 할인점의 정서적 불안정은 윤리적 리더십을 약화시켰고, 친절성과 보장전략, 조직간 커뮤니케이션은 윤리적 리더십에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.3-13
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• 1991

발파에 의한 지반진동의 크기는 화약류의 종류에 따른 화약의 특성, 장약량, 기폭방법, 전새의 상태와 화약의 장전밀도, 자유면의 수, 폭원과 측간의 거리 및 지질조건 등에 따라 다르지만 지질 및 발파조건이 동일한 경우 특히 측점으로부터 발파지점 까지의 거리와 지발당 최대장약량 (W)간에 깊은 함수관계가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 즉 발파진동식은 $V=K{\cdot}(\frac{D}{W^b})^n{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$ (1) 여기서 V ; 진동속도, cm /sec D ; 폭원으로부터의 거리, m W ; 지발 장약량, kg K ; 발파진동 상수 b ; 장약지수 R ; 감쇠지수 이 발파진동식에서 b=1/2인 경우 즉 $D{\;}/{\;}\sqrt{W}$를 자승근 환산거리(Root scaled distance), $b=\frac{1}{3}$인 경우 즉 $D{\;}/{\;}\sqrt[3]{W}$를 입방근환산거리(Cube root scaled distance)라 한다. 이 장약 및 감쇠지수와 발파진동 상수를 구하기 위하여 임의거리와 장약량에 대한 진동치를 측정, 중회귀분석(Multiple regressional analysis)에 의해 일반식을 유도하고 Root scaling과 Cube root scaling에 대한 회귀선(regression line)을 구하여 회귀선에 대한 적합도가 높은 쪽을 택하여 비교, 검토하였다. 위 (1)식의 양변에 log를 취하여 linear form(직선형)으로 바꾸어 쓰면 (2)式과 같다. log V=A+BlogD+ClogW ----- (2) 여기서, A=log K B=-n C=bn (2)식은 다시 (3)식으로 표시할 수 있다. $Yi=A+BXi_{1}+CXi_{2}+{\varepsilon}i{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$(3) 여기서, $Xi_{1},{\;}Xi_{2} ;(두 독립변수 logD, logW의 i번째 측정치. Yi ; ($Xi_1,{\;}Xi_2$)에 대한 logV의 측정치 ${\varepsilon}i$ ; error term 이다. (3)식에서 n개의 자료를 (2)식의 회귀평면으로 대표시키기 위해서는 $S={\sum}^n_{i=1}\{Yi-(A+BXi_{1}+CXi_{2})\}\^2$을 최소로하는 A, B, C 값을 구하면 된다. 이 방법을 최소자승법이 라 하며 S를 최소로 하는 A, B, C의 값은 (4)식으로 표시한다. $\frac{{\partial}S}{{\partial}A}=0,{\;}\frac{{\partial}S}{{\partial}B}=0,{\;}\frac{{\partial}S}{{\partial}C}=0{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$ (4) 위식을 Matrix form으로 간단히 나타내면 식(5)와 같다. [equation omitted] (5) 자료가 많아 계산과정이 복잡해져서 본실험의 정자료들은 전산기를 사용하여 처리하였다. root scaling과 Cube root scaling의 경우 각각 $logV=A+B(logD-\frac{1}{2}W){\;}logV=A+B(logD-\frac{1}{3}W){\;}\}{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$ (6) 으로 (2)식의 특별한 형태이며 log-log 좌표에서 직선으로 표시되고 이때 A는 절편, B는 기울기를 나타낸다. $\bullet$ 측정치의 검토 본 자료의 특성을 비교, 검토하기 위하여 지금까지 발표된 국내의 몇몇 자료를 보면 다음과 같다. 물론, 장약량, 폭원으로 부터의 거리등이 상이하지만 대체적인 경향성을 추정하는데 참고할수 있을 것이다. 금반 총실측자료는 총 88개이지만 환산거리(5.D)와 진동속도의 크기와의 관계에서 차이를 보이고 있어 편선상 폭원과 측점지점간의 거리에 따라 l00m말만인 A지역과 l00m이상인B지역으로 구분하였다. 한편 A지역의 자료 56개중, 상하로 편차가 큰 19개를 제외한 37개자료와 B지역의 29개중 2개를 낙외한 27개(88개 자료중 거리표시가 안된 12월 1일의 자료3개는 원래부터 제외)의 자료를 computer로 처리하여 얻은 발파진동식은 다음과 같다. $V=41(D{\;}/{\;}\sqrt[3]{W})^{-1.41}{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$ (7) (-100m)(R=0.69) $V=124(D{\;}/{\;}\sqrt[3]{W})^{-1.66){\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}$ (8) (+100m)(R=0.782) 식(7) 및 (8)에서 R은 구한 직선식의 적합도를 나타내는 상관계수로 R=1인때는 모든 측정자료가 하나의 직선상에 표시됨을 의미하며 그 값이 낮을수록 자료가 분산됨을 뜻한다. 본 보고에서는 상관계수가 자승근거리때 보다는 입방근일때가 더 높기 때문에 발파진동식을 입방근($D{\;}/{\;}\sqrt[3]{W}$)으로 표시하였다. 특히 A지역에서는 R=0.69인데 비하여 폭원과 측점지점간의 거리가 l00m 이상으로 A지역보다 멀리 떨어진 B지역에서는 R=0.782로 비교적 높은 값을 보이는 것은 진동성분중 고주파성분의 상당량이 감쇠를 당하기 때문으로 생각된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.41-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the investigation of the effects of user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities. In this research, stickiness refers to repeat visit and visit duration to an Internet community. Continued use means the willingness to continue to use an Internet community in the future. Internet community-based companies can earn money through selling the digital contents such as game, music, and avatar, advertizing on internet site, or offering an affiliate marketing. For such money making, stickiness and continued use of Internet users is much more important than the number of Internet users. We tried to answer following three questions. Fist, what is the effects of user participation on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities? Second, by what is user participation formed? Third, are network effect, social influence, and usefulness that was significant at prior research about technology acceptance model(TAM) still significant on internet communities? In this study, user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness are independent variables, stickiness is mediating variable, and continued use is dependent variable. Among independent variables, we are focused on user participation. User participation means that Internet user participates in the development of Internet community site (called mini-hompy or blog in Korea). User participation was studied from 1970 to 1997 at the research area of information system. But since 1997 when Internet started to spread to the public, user participation has hardly been studied. Given the importance of user participation at the success of Internet-based companies, it is very meaningful to study the research topic of user participation. To test the proposed model, we used a data set generated from the survey. The survey instrument was designed on the basis of a comprehensive literature review and interviews of experts, and was refined through several rounds of pretests, revisions, and pilot tests. The respondents of survey were the undergraduates and the graduate students who mainly used Internet communities. Data analysis was conducted using 217 respondents(response rate, 97.7 percent). We used structural equation modeling(SEM) implemented in partial least square(PLS). We chose PLS for two reason. First, our model has formative constructs. PLS uses components-based algorithm and can estimated formative constructs. Second, PLS is more appropriate when the research model is in an early stage of development. A review of the literature suggests that empirical tests of user participation is still sparse. The test of model was executed in the order of three research questions. First user participation had the direct effects on stickiness(${\beta}$=0.150, p<0.01) and continued use (${\beta}$=0.119, p<0.05). And user participation, as a partial mediation model, had a indirect effect on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.007, p<0.05). Second, optional participation and prosuming participation significantly formed user participation. Optional participation, with a path magnitude as high as 0.986 (p<0.001), is a key determinant for the strength of user participation. Third, Network effect (${\beta}$=0.236, p<0.001). social influence (${\beta}$=0.135, p<0.05), and usefulness (${\beta}$=0.343, p<0.001) had directly significant impacts on stickiness. But network effect and social influence, as a full mediation model, had both indirectly significant impacts on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.11, p<0.001, and ${\beta}$=0.063, p<0.05, respectively). Compared with this result, usefulness, as a partial mediation model, had a direct impact on continued use and a indirect impact on continued use mediated through stickiness. This study has three contributions. First this is the first empirical study showing that user participation is the significant driver of continued use. The researchers of information system have hardly studies user participation since late 1990s. And the researchers of marketing have studied a few lately. Second, this study enhanced the understanding of user participation. Up to recently, user participation has been studied from the bipolar viewpoint of participation v.s non-participation. Also, even the study on participation has been studied from the point of limited optional participation. But, this study proved the existence of prosuming participation to design and produce products or services, besides optional participation. And this study empirically proved that optional participation and prosuming participation were the key determinant for user participation. Third, our study compliments traditional studies of TAM. According prior literature about of TAM, the constructs of network effect, social influence, and usefulness had effects on the technology adoption. This study proved that these constructs still are significant on Internet communities.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.147-165
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• 2008

IT education can be summarized as persuading the educatee to accept IT. The persuasion is made by delivering the messages for how-to-use and where-to-use to the educatee, which leads formulation of a belief structure for using IT. Therefore, message based persuasion theory, as well as IT acceptance theories such as technology acceptance model(TAM), would play a very important role for explaining IT education. According to elaboration likelihood model(ELM) that has been considered as one of the most influential persuasion theories, people change attitude or perception by two routes, central route and peripheral route. In central route, people would think critically about issue-related arguments in an informational message. In peripheral route, subjects rely on cues regarding the target behavior with less cognitive efforts. Moreover, such persuasion process is not a one-shot program but continuous repetition with feedbacks, which leads to changing a belief structure for using IT. An educatee would get more knowledge and experiences of using IT as following an education program, and be more dependent on a central route than a peripheral route. Such change would reformulate a belief structure which is different from the intial one. The objectives of this study are the following two: First, an identification of the relationship between ELM and belief structures for using IT. Especially, we analyze the effects of message interpretation through both of central and peripheral routes on perceived usefulness which is an important explaining variable in TAM and perceived use control which have perceived ease of use and perceived controllability as sub-dimensions. Second, a longitudinal analysis of the above effects. In other words, change of the relationship between interpretation of message delivered by IT education and beliefs of IT using is analyzed longitudinally. For achievement of our objectives, we suggest a research model, which is constructed as three-layered. While first layer has a dependent variable, use intention, second one has perceived usefulness and perceived use control that has two sub-concepts, perceived ease of use and perceived controllability. Finally, third one is related with two routes in ELM, source credibility and argument quality which are operationalization of peripheral route and central route respectively. By these variables, we suggest five hypotheses. In addition to relationship among variables, we suggest two additional hypotheses, moderation effects of time in the relationships between perceived usefulness and two routes. That is, source credibility's influence on perceived usefulness is decreased as time flows, and argument quality's influence is increased. For validation of it, our research model is tested empirically. With measurements which have been validated in the other studies, we survey students in an Excel class two times for longitudinal analysis. Data Analysis is done by partial least square(PLS), which is known as an appropriate approach for multi-group comparison analysis with a small sized sample as like this study. In result. all hypotheses are statistically supported. One of theoretical contributions in this study is an analysis of IT education based on ELM and TAM which are considered as important theories in psychology and IS theories respectively. A longitudinal analysis by comparison between two surveys based on PLS is also considered as a methodological contribution. In practice, finding the importance of peripheral route in early stage of IT education should be notable.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2012

Many companies have recently become interested in using social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook as a new channel to communicate with their customers. For example, companies often offer "special deals" (e.g., coupons, discounts, free samples, etc.) to their customers who participate in promotions or events on social networking sites. Companies often make important announcements on their products or services on social networking sites. By doing so, customers are encouraged to continue to have relationships with companies on social networking sites and to recommend the companies' presence on social networking sites to other potential customers. Moreover, customers who keep close relationships with companies on social networking sites often provide the companies with valuable suggestions and feedback. For instance, Starbucks has more than 2 million followers on Twitter, and often receive suggestions and feedback for their product offerings and services from the followers on Twitter. Although companies realize potential benefits of using social networking sites as a channel to communicate with their customers, it appears that many companies have difficulty forging long-lasting relationships with customers on social networking sites. It is often reported that many customers who had followed companies on Twitter later stopped following them for various reasons. Therefore, it is an important issue to understand what motivates customers to continue to keep relationships with companies on social networking sites. Nonetheless, due attention has yet paid to this issue until recently. This study intends to contribute to our understanding on customers' intention to continue to follow companies on Twitter and to spread positive word-of-mouth about companies on Twitter. Specifically, we identify seven potential factors that customers perceive as important in evaluating their experience with companies on Twitter. The seven factors include similarity, receptivity, interactivity, ubiquitous connectivity, enjoyment, usefulness and transparency. We posit that the seven perception factors can affect the two types of satisfaction, emotional and cognitive, which can in turn influence on customers' intention to follow companies on Twitter and to spread positive word-of-mouth about companies on Twitter. Research hypotheses formulated in this study were tested with data collected from a questionnaire survey administered to customers who had been following companies on Twitter. The data was analyzed with the partial least square (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling. The results of data analysis based on 177 usable responses were generally supportive of our predictions for the effects of the seven factors identified and the two types of satisfaction. In particular, out results suggest that emotional satisfaction was strongly influenced by perceived similarity, perceived receptivity, perceived enjoyment, and perceived transparency. Cognitive satisfaction was significantly influenced by perceived similarity, perceived interactivity, perceived enjoyment, and perceived transparency. While cognitive satisfaction was found to have significant and positive effects on both continued following and word-of-mouth intentions, emotional satisfaction had a significant and positive effect only on word-of-mouth intention.