• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.491-498
• /
• 2014

During the past years, the protection of the environment has become a major concern out passing the state frontiers to reach a planetary dimension. Depository waste sites have become a serious problem in terms of their locations and costs. On the other hand, the construction industry has a leading place in terms of quantities of waste produced from the start to the end of each construction site, by the large amounts of raw materials used and their respective consequences on the environment. The recycling of quarry wastes products, of demolished concrete, bricks and large quantities of waste resulting from the transformation of marble blocks can provide ideal solutions and advantages for the preservation of the environment, to become a supplementary source of aggregates. The main purpose of this study is to show technically the possibility of recuperating the aggregates of marble wastes as a partial substitute or total in the mortars. The aggregates used in this study is a sand of marble wastes (excess loads of sand exposed to bad weather conditions) of the quarry derived from Fil-fila marble (Skikda, east of Algeria). To achieve this work, we have studied the effect of sand substitution of marble wastes in the mortar with rates of (25, 50, 75, 100%); comparing the results obtained with reference samples (0%), the properties when the samples are fresh, and the mechanical performances of mortars at solid state (loss and gain of weight, dimensional variations). The introduction of recycled sand in the mortars gives good results and can be used as granulates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.784-791
• /
• 2007

The present work aims to use a biofilter technology(aerated submerged filters) for the aerobic transformation at laboratory-scale of olive washing water(OWW) generated in the first steps of olive oil processing, as well as the genetic profiling and identification to the species level of the bacteria involved in the formation of the biofilm, by means of TGGE. Chemical parameters, such as biological oxygen demand at five days($BOD_5$) and chemical oxygen demand(COD), decreased markedly(up to 90 and 85%, respectively) by the biological treatment, and the efficiency of the process was significantly affected by aeration and inlet flow rates. The total polyphenol content of inlet OWW was only moderately reduced(around 50% decrease of the inlet content) after the biofilter treatment, under the conditions tested. Partial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using total DNA extracted from the biofilm and separated by TGGE. Sequences of isolated bands were mostly affiliated to the $\alpha-subclass$ of Proteobacteria, and often branched in the periphery of bacteria] genera commonly present in soil(Rhizobium, Reichenowia, Agrobacterium, and Sphingomonas). The data obtained by the experimentation at laboratory scale provided results that support the suitability of the submerged filter technology for the treatment of olive washing waters with the purpose of its reutilization.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.424-434
• /
• 2002

Background & purpose Since the 1970's the rate of breast-feeding has decreased significantly. The Korean National Institute of Health reported that the rate of breastfeeding was 68.9% in 1982 and 14.1% in 1997. There are many influencing factors including: the lack of education and information on breast feeding, lack of faith in breast feeding, increment of the rate of working, lack of encouragement by supporters in difficult situations, and nurses' low level of knowledge about breast feeding. Such a lack of knowledge and support of breast-feeding at home by family members create another dilemma to the problem of breast-feeding. If problems arise and family members are unable to provide assistance due to the deficiency of knowledge, mothers show a tendency to abandon breast-feeding. The purpose of this research is to find out the rate of breast-feeding practice by time sequence of 1 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after birth and influencing factors on breast-feeding practice centered on the postpartal women who were 3discharged from one hospital, which is located in Seoul and provides simple breast-feeding education and continuous postnatal telephone consultation. Methodology The subjects of this research were 54 women who gave birth in a hospital located in Seoul from 1 March 2000 to 31 April 2000. After birth the subjects were educated individually about breast-feeding and telephone consultations were conducted. On the 1st week, 6th week, and 12th week, the subjects were surveyed about their breast-feeding practice rates and methods by telephone. Results 1) Complete breast-feeding rate: Within one week after birth, the subjects showed 64.2% complete breast-feeding rate. Within 6 weeks, 39.6%, and 12 weeks, 34.1%. 2) Partial breast-feeding rate: Within one week after birth, the subjects showed 32.1% partial breast-feeding rate. Within 6 weeks, 39.6%, and 12 weeks 15.1%. 3) Complete bottle-feeding rate Within one week after birth, the subjects showed 1.9% complete bottle-feeding rate. Within 6 weeks of giving birth 15.1%, and 12 weeks 17.0%. These results show that individual education about breast-feeding and continuous postnatal telephone consultation influenced on the practice of breast-feeding. On considering the reality of the hospital situation in which nurses could not operate education program due to the work-load, it is necessary to find out selectively those mothers who are unable to breast feed and provide education individually and continuous support by telephone follow up. Futhermore, the active role of lactation nurse specialist and their efficient management of breast-feeding for the successful practice is required.

• 사회복지연구
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.217-238
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 가정폭력가해자 프로그램 이수 후 가해자들의 재폭력에 피해 여성의 능동적 대처방식의 효과를 검증하기 위해 실시되었다. 본 연구의 자료는 2008년에서 2009년에 걸쳐 가정폭력 행위자 치료 프로그램 장기 효과 연구에서 수집되었다. 프로그램 이수 후 피해 여성을 3차에 걸쳐 추적 조사하였으며 본 연구에서는 1, 2차 시점의 데이터를 사용하였다. 표본의 수적 한계와 연구의 특성을 고려하여 PLS(Partial Least Square) 분석 방법을 사용하였다. 분석 결과 정서적 폭력의 경우 1차와 2차 각각 발생률이 77.6%, 41.3%로 나타났으며 신체 폭력의 경우 시점 각각 43.1%, 18.4%의 발생률을 보였다. 모형 분석 결과 남편의 정서적 재폭력에 대해서는 여성의 문제해결의 능동적 대처방식이 조절효과를 나타내었으며(p<.001), 신체 재폭력에 있어서는 문제해결이 아닌 도움요청이 조절효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 분석 결과를 바탕으로 가정폭력 재폭력에 대응하기 위한 실천적 함의를 도출하였다.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2009

몰리브덴 산업에서 가장 중요한 광물인 휘수연석($MoS_2$) 정광은 일련의 산화배소정제 공정을 통하여 공업용 산화몰리브덴(technical grade $MoO_3$)으로 제조되어 각종 몰리브덴 화합물의 중요한 원료로서 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 저품위 휘수연석 정광의 산화배소 특성을 조사하였다. 실험은 0.08 atm~0.21 atm의 산소분압과 793~823 K의 배소은도 범위에서 TGA 장비를 사용하여 수행하였으며, 사용한 휘수연석 정광의 입자크기는 평균 $67\;{\mu}m$ 이다. 실험 결과 산화배소 온도 823 K, 시간 60분에서 95% 이상의 휘수연석이 산화몰리브덴으로 전환되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 Jander 식이 저품위 몽골산 휘수연석 정광의 산화배소 속도 데이터를 분석하는데 유용한 것으로 분석되었으며, 산소 분압에 대해서는 0.11 차인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.47-65
• /
• 1985

Three stages of population growth during last forty years affected differently to the labor force and employment in Korea. The first impact of rapid population growth on the labor force occured after the end of World War II. Sudden growth of population due to repartriation and refugees directly increased the labor force. Deteriorating labor market conditions were caused not only by the explosive labor supply but also by the shortage of employment opportunities due to a lack of productive facilities. This severe excess supply of labor continued until the early 196Os. Population growth in the second stage which caused by high fertility during the post Korean War baby boom period induced an eventual increase in the labor supply with time lag of more than fifteen years. Younger persons born during baby boom period were flooded the labor market. Fortunately, job opportunities were expanded more rapidly than the labor force supply because high rates of economic growth and speedy industrialization were continued until the later half of 1970s. Unemployment, therefore, decreased dramatically during this period. The effect of third stage which is characterized as mitigated population growth due to birth control has appeared in the labor market since late 1970s. The growth rate of labor force has been going down and the proportion of younger workers was also been decreasing. From the early 1980s, furthermore, partial disharmony between supply of and demand for the younger workers is closing up. Less educated younger workers who works at low wage are lacking while more educated youngers who want to work at high wage are being excess, because a lot of younger prefer higher education rather than productive job. It is expected that the structural inharmony will be diversified in the future in Korea. The labor force will be changed to middleaged, highly educated and womenized till year 2000, and, after then, to old-aged. On the demand side, industries and jobs will transferred to be labor-saving and soft. These structural changes of labor supply and demand will not matching in time. Aggregate supply of labor force will be steadily increasing more rapidly than aggregate demand for labor until year 2000, and this trend will continue to the first one or two decades of the 2lth century because the persons born dufing the baby boom pariod are being eligible couples in recent. Therefore, conclusion is that appropriate manpower development policy as well as sustained birth control policy is necessary for harmonizing the structural unbalance and the disequilibrium between aggregate labor supply and demand in the future.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.535-543
• /
• 2006

현재 반도체 및 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 제조 공정에 널리 사용하는 $NF_3$는 국제적으로 대기중 배출량에 대한 규제를 실시 중인 온실가스 중의 하나다. 온실가스의 배출량 감축을 위하여 국내 대상 산업체들은 $NF_3$ 배출량의 감소에 지속적으로 노력을 해 오고 있다. 본 연구는 LCD를 제조하는 국내 3사에 설치된 $NF_3$ 처리용 전기가열방식 스크러버(scrubber)의 제거효율(DRE, Destruction and Removal Efficiency)과 process chamber에서의 $NF_3$ 사용 비율(use rate in process)을 측정하였다. 스크러버의 효율을 정확하게 측정하기 위하여, 비활성 기체인 He을 일정 유량으로 주입시켜주는 방법으로 시료를 채취하고, 정밀 가스질량분석기(Gas-MS)를 이용하여 시료 중 화학종들의 분압을 측정하였다. 세 회사에 설치되어 있는 스크러버의 효율을 측정한 결과, 2004년 이전에 설치한 스크러버의와 그 이후 개선한 스크러버의 DRE는 각각 52%와 95% 이상임을 확인하였다. 또한 Process chamber의 $NF_3$ 사용 효율은 1세대 및 2세대 공정라인에 설치한 RFSC(Radio Frequency Source Chamber)의 경우 75% 보다 낮지만, 3세대 이상 라인에 설치한 RPSC(Remote Plasma Source Chamber)의 경우는 95% 이상으로 측정이 되었다. 반도체 및 디스플레이 공정에 개선된 스크러버와 RPSC식 process chamber를 사용할 경우 $NF_3$ 배출량을 99.95% 이상 줄일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 $NF_3$에 대한 국내 3사의 온실가스 감축 목표가 성공적으로 이루어 질 것으로 예상된다.