• ETRI Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.603-606
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• 2010

In this letter, we propose a channel estimation algorithm based on incremental pilots. These are pilots additionally inserted after puncturing the modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols to enhance channel estimation performance without lowering bandwidth efficiency. A low-density parity-check code puncturing scheme is also proposed to prevent the performance degradation due to the codeword bit loss caused by punctured OFDM symbols.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.967-977
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• 2009

There are three standard weight functions on a linear code viz. Hamming weight, Lee weight, and Euclidean weight. Euclidean weight function is useful in connection with the lattice constructions [2] where the minimum norm of vectors in the lattice is related to the minimum Euclidean weight of the code. In this paper, we obtain an upper bound over the number of parity check digits for Euclidean weight codes detecting and correcting burst errors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.149-152
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 오차역전파 알고리즘을 사용한 3층 구조의 퍼셉트론형 신경회로망으로 네트워크의 학습을 실시하여, N비트의 패리티판별에 필요한 최소의 중간유닛수의 해석에 관한 연구이다. 따라서 본 논문은 제안한 퍼셉트론형 신경회로망의 중간 유닛의 수를 변화시켜 N 비트의 패리티 판별 실험을 실시하였다. 본 시스템은 패리티 판별의 실험을 통하여 N 비트 패리티 판별이 가능하다는 것을 실험으로 확인한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.173-178
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• 1996

특정한 방향성분에 대한 방향중성자속을 정의하는 방향차분 수송 방정식(discrete ordinates or S$_{N}$ transport equation)과 달리 방향변수를 구분된 방향영역에 대하여 적분하고, 해당 방향영역 내에서의 방향중성자속이 일정하다고 가정하는 영역상수법(piecewise constant method)을 이용하여 유사방향차분방정식(discrete ordinates-like equation)을 유도하여, 이를 Boltzmann 수송식과 2계 우성수송식(even-parity transport equation)에 적용하여 기존의 방향차분법의 단점인 광첨두현상(ray effects)을 감소시키고, 우성수송식의 교차미분항을 제거한 단순우성방정식(simplified even-parity equation)을 사용하여 광첨두현상을 제거하였다. 이는 단순우성방정식의 또 다른 장점을 제시한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.489-493
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• 2003

Reproductive traits of sows are determined chiefly by the genetic background of the dam herself. Whether the breed of the serviced boars also contributes is not yet clear. A total of 8,946 litters of Landrace (L) sows from 68 farms were examined. Of these, 876, 1,260, and 6,810 litters were produced from natural mating with L, Yorkshire (Y), and Duroc (D) breeds, respectively. The birth litter size (BLS), weaning litter size (WLS), live born piglets (LBP), and survival rate % (SR), of every litter were recorded. A general linear-model procedure was followed to estimate the effects of boars' breed (B), parity (P) and B${\times}$P interaction on the reproductive traits of the sows. Results show that BLS, WLS, and LBP were all significantly (p<0.001) affected by B and P. SR% was significantly influenced by B but not by P. L sows crossbred with Y or purebred with L produced litters with higher BLS, WLS, and LBP values than those bred with D. Pure L breeding yielded litters with lower SR% than did crossbreeding with D, while the difference between SR% due to LY and that due to LD crossbreeding was not significant. The interaction of B with P was significant with respect to BLS, WLS, and LBP (p<0.001), but not SR%. No significant B effect on reproductive traits was measured in sows at their first parity; but at latter parities, LL or LY produced litters with similarly high BLS, WLS and LBP, which values were all significantly greater than those of LD litters. The breed of boar evidently affected the subsequent reproductive performance of L sows and this effect may be further manipulated by the parity effect. Breed differences in semen quality and the success of fetus development with different interactions of the genetic background with the uterus function of the sow that may contribute to these effects are discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes occurring in the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in bovine milk during a one-year lactation period, and to determine the parameters affecting IGF content in bovine milk. Milk was collected individually from lactating Holstein cows (n=70), and IGF-I and -II levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, using 125I after acid-ethanol treatment. The proximate compositions of the milk samples were determined using a near-infrared milk analyzer. The data were analyzed by the GLM and CORR procedures using SAS software to determine significant differences (p<0.05) occurring within groups (dairy farms, lactation periods, season, and parity). We noted an approximately six-fold reduction in the IGF-I concentration (from 2,462.7 to 353.0 ng/ml) and a three-fold drop in the IGF-II concentration (from 929.1 to 365.7 ng/ml) in the bovine colostrum, between 6 h after parturition and 18 h after parturition. IGF-I and -II content, measured at the early, middle, and late stages of lactation did not change significantly throughout the entirety of the lactation period. Interestingly, parity did not significantly affect IGF-I content, but did significantly affect IGF-II content between the primiparous and multiparous cows. We also found there were no significant relationships between IGF-I and total protein content or somatic cell counts (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.628-634
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• 2014

Data on age and body weight at breeding, parity, previous litter size, days open and some descriptive body linear traits from 389 meat-type, prolific Black Bengal goats in Tripura State of India, were collected for 3 and 1/2 years (2007 to 2010) and analyzed using logistic regression model. The objectives of the study were i) to evaluate the effect of age and body weight at breeding, parity, previous litter size and days open on litter size of does; and ii) to investigate if body linear type traits influenced litter size in meat-type, prolific goats. The incidence of 68.39% multiple births with a prolificacy rate of 175.07% was recorded. Higher age (>2.69 year), higher parity order (>2.31), more body weight at breeding (>20.5 kg) and larger previous litter size (>1.65) showed an increase likelihood of multiple litter size when compared to single litter size. There was a strong, positive relationship between litter size and various body linear type traits like neck length (>22.78 cm), body length (>54.86 cm), withers height (>48.85 cm), croup height (>50.67 cm), distance between tuber coxae bones (>11.38 cm) and distance between tuber ischii bones (>4.56 cm) for discriminating the goats bearing multiple fetuses from those bearing a single fetus.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-88
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• 2020

In Solar-powered wireless sensor networks(SP-WSN), the battery is periodically charged, so the best use of harvested energy is more important, rather than minimizing energy consumption. Meanwhile, as is well known, the reliability of communication between sensor nodes is very limited due to the resource-constraint of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose an advanced FEC (forward error correction) scheme which can give SP-WSN more reliability for communication. Firstly, the proposed scheme uses energy modeling to calculate the amount of surplus energy which can be utilized for extra operations, and then determines the number of additional parity bits according to this amount of surplus energy. At the same time, link quality modeling calculates the optimal parity bits for error recovery in the current data communication environment. Finally, by considering these two parity sizes, it is possible to determine the optimal parity size that can maximize the data reliability without affecting the node black out. Performance verification was performed by comparing the amount of data collected at the sink and the number of outage nodes with other schemes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2015

Amphiregulin (AREG), a glycoprotein that is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is expressed by the porcine conceptus and endometrium. AREG genotypes were determined based on an SNP in the intron 3 of the gene. Contradictory effects of AREG genotypes on reproductive traits in different pig breeds were reported previously. G allele had undesirable effect on reproductive trait in Meishan breed, while it had favorable effects in Polish Landrace and Large White. We determined AREG genotypes of 179 pigs including the Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Korean native pig (KNP), and Meishan breeds. Two new SNPs were identified near the previously reported SNP in the intron 3 of AREG. Frequencies of AREG alleles among the Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, and KNP sows were significantly different (p<0.001), indicating association between AREG genotypes and pig breeds. The first parity litter size was significantly affected by the breeds (p=0.014), but not by AREG genotypes (p=0.148). However, there were breed and AREG genotype associated trends in the first parity litter size. The first parity litter size appeared to be higher in Duroc and KNP sows with G allele, while it appeared to be lower in Landrace sows with G allele. Significant variability of AREG alleles among pig breeds, for the first time in Duroc and KNP sows, was identified. AREG genotypes may influence reproductive traits differentially for each breed and thus, AREG genotypes may need to be considered when sows are bred to increase litter size.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2000

The ovaries of 178 Holstein heifers or cows (heifer; 41, 1 parity; 72, 2$\leq$ parity; 65) on Day 6 or 7 (Day 0=day of estrus) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography. Diameter of corpus luteum (CL) and large follicle ( $\geq$ 10 mm), and luteal tissue area were determined by ultrasound system with a 5 MHB rectal probe. Blood samples were taken to progesterone analysis. After selection of recipients, frozen Holstein embryos were thawed and directly transferred to recipients non-surgically. The diameter of CL and luteal tissue area was greater (P<0.01) on Day 7 than on Day 6 in heifers, 1 parity or 2 $\leq$ parity cows, respectively, although progesterone concentrations were not different. The presence of fluid-filled luteal cavitied or multiple CL (2 or more) did not affect serum progesterone concentration. A large follicles were observed in 67.4% of heifers or cows and the average diameter was 14.1 mm. Greater luteal tissue area attributed higher pregnancy in heifers, but not in cows, although there were no difference on pregnancy rate according to progesterone concentration in heifers or cows. The pregnancy rate of recipients contained a large follicle at embryo transfer was lower than that of recipients not contained. These results show ultrasonic assessment of ovaries in Holstein recipients is a reliable tool to determine the follicle and CL for recipient selection.