• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The present study was aimed to explore the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland, and the glandular expression of sodium transporters and water channels was determined by Western blot analysis. The expression of either ${\alpha}1$ or ${\beta}1$ subunit of Na, K-ATPase was not significantly affected either by the sympathetic or by the parasympathetic denervation. The expression of subunits of epithelial sodium channels was significantly increased both in the denervated and contralateral glands either by the sympathetic or by the parasympathetic denervation. Neither the sympathetic nor the parasympathetic denervation significantly altered the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1). Nor was the expression of AQP4 affected significantly by the parasympathetic or the sympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of AQP5 was significantly increased not only by the parasympathetic but also by the sympathetic denervation. These results suggest that sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have tonic regulatory effects on the regulation of certain sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2006

The present study was undertaken to explore the role of autonomic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland. One week later, the expression of Na,K-ATPase, epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), and aquaporins (AQP) was examined in the denervated and contralateral glands. The sympathetic denervation slightly but significantly decreased the expression of ${\alpha}1$ subunit of Na,K-ATPase, whereas the parasympathetic denervation increased it. The expression of ${\alpha}$-subunit of ENaC was significantly increased in both the denervated and contralateral glands either by the sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation. The sympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP5 in both the denervated and contralateral glands, whereas the parasympathetic denervation decreased it. It is suggested that the autonomic nerves have a tonic effect on the regulation of sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2005

타액선에서 교감 신경과 부교감 신경이 나트륨 운반체와 수분 통로의 조절에 어떠한 기능을 하는지 알아 보고자 흰쥐 악하선을 지배하는 교감 신경과 부교감 신경을 절제하고 나서 타액선내 나트륨 운반체와 수분 통로의 발현을 조사하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. Na,K-ATPase의 ${\alpha}1,\;{\beta}1$ 소단위는 교감 신경 절제에 의해 크게 영향받지 않았으나 부교감 신경 절제에 의해서는 두 소단위의 발현이 모두 감소되었다. 2. ENaC ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}-$ 소단위는 그 발현이 교감 신경 절제에 의해 영향 받지 않았으나 부교감 신경 절제에 의해서 도리어 증가하였다. 3. NHE3는 교감 신경 및 부교감 신경 절제에 의해 모두 크게 감소했다. 4. 교감 신경 절제시 AQP1의 발현이 크게 증가했으나, 부교감 신경 절제시 영향 받지 않았다. 5. 교감 신경 절제 및 부교감 신경 절제는 AQP4 발현을 크게 증가시켰다. 6. AQP5는 교감 신경 절제시 영향을 받지 않았으나, 부교감 신경 절제시 크게 감소되었다. 이상의 실험성적을 요약할 때 악하선을 지배하는 교감 신경 및 부교감 신경은 선의 나트륨 운반체 및 수분 통로 발현에 긴장성 조절을 영위함으로써 타액의 전해질 및 수분 조성을 결정하는 데 공헌함을 알 수 있다. 그리고 이 신경의 절제시 보이는 나트륨 운반체와 수분 통로의 변화는 기능적으로 신경 절제 타액선에서의 타액 분비량과 타액의 무기질 조성 변화의 원인이 될 것이라 생각된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.486-496
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• 1991

Spinal parasympathetic outflows originate in the sacral parasympathetic nuclei. The sacral parasympathetic nuclei receive inputs from the brainstem. Many areas in the medulla appear to influence sympathetic outflow of the spinal cord. Whether neurons in these areas of the medulla may project to the lumbosacral cord to affect the parasympathetic outflow has not been studied clearly. Thus, this study was intended to investigate origins of cells projecting from the medulla to the sacral parasympathetic nuclei of the spinal cord. In 3 cats, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the lower lumbar spinal cord. HRP labeled neurons were found mainly in the following areas: nucleus retroambiguus, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe complex and ventrolateral area of the rostral medulla. Most of these areas are known to be involved in regulation of sympathetic activity, and, thus, these results indicate that these areas are likely to affect the sacral parasympathetic outflow as they do for the sympathetic nerves.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.199-201
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• 1975

In order to investigate the effect of aconitine upon the parasympathetic innervation, the isolated rabbit duodenal preparation pretreated with atropine and tetrodotoxin were observed. The results obtained in this work were summerized as follows: 1. The excitatory response was evoked by the administration of aconitine ($100{\mu}g/ml$). 2. The contraction was blocked by the pretreatment with atropine ($10{\mu}g/ml$). 3. The contraction was completely blocked by the pretreatment with tetrodotoxin($10{\mu}g/ml$). These experimental evidences indicate that the excitatory response by aconitine is due to the parasympathetic nerves.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.157-171
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• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. There were significant changes in HRV components compared with EEG power spectra in the standing position. Especially, the ratio of low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) which represents a state of balance of autonomic nervous system was increased. In the sitting position, $\beta$ wave which reflects a state of alert consciousness was increased and both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, $\theta$ wave which signifies a state of relaxation was increased and heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied in the choice of appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Method : Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. Result : There were significant changes HRV in the standing position. In the sitting position, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. Conclusions : In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied to choose appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• 셀메드
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.12.1-12.4
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to suggest that compassion is used as a mechanism to improve immunity by activating people's parasympathetic nerves. Compassion is pity and heartbreak for the misfortune of others. The instinctive emotion of compassion is the basis for humans to achieve and develop society. This is also linked to the laws of nature and the factors of evolution that Kropotkin, famous for his "mutual assistance (mutualism)" that all things help each other. Compassion is an individual's instinctive emotion and at the same time a driving force for forming and developing society. If the Hopeful World (希望世上) performs Korean traditional music healing at a nursing home, first, it will have a positive healing effect on the elderly in the nursing home, who are the audience. Second, positive healing effects can also be expected from performers. The stronger the compassion, the greater the healing effect. Third, people who watch the performance also enjoy the healing effect. This seems to have brought about a synergistic effect by combining the feelings felt while looking at the excellent behavior felt by seeing the poor person. It seems that this effect can be named the compassion effect that developed the Mother Teresa effect. The Mother Teresa effect refers to a significant improvement in the body's immune function just by volunteering or seeing good things. By expanding this Mother Teresa effect, it can be inferred that a pitying heart, helping behavior, and being with good behavior will all help improve the human immune system. This can also be called the compassion effect. Therefore, we think having compassion activates the parasympathetic nerves, improving your mood, and increasing your immunity.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for temporary improvement of glabellar lines in patients 65 years and younger in 2002, and has also been used widely for aesthetic purposes such as hyperhidrosis, body shape contouring, and other noninvasive facial procedures. BoNT-A inhibits presynaptic exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing vesicles into the neuromuscular junction at cholinergic nerve endings of the peripheral nervous system, thereby paralyzing skeletal muscles. ACh is the most broadly used neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system, preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves, and preganglionic fibers or postganglionic sudomotor nerves of sympathetic nerves. The scientific basis for using BoNT-A in various cosmetic procedures is that its function goes beyond the dual role of muscle paralysis and neuromodulation by inhibiting the secretion of ACh. Although the major target organs for aesthetic procedures are facial expression muscles, skeletal body muscles, salivary glands, and sweat glands, which are innervated by the somatic or autonomic nerves of the peripheral cholinergic nerve system, few studies have attempted to directly explain the anatomy of the areas targeted for injection by addressing the neural physiology and rationale for specific aesthetic applications of BoNT-A therapy. In this article, we classify the various cosmetic uses of BoNT-A according to the relevant component of the peripheral nervous system, and describe scientific theories regarding the anatomy and physiology of the cholinergic nervous system. We also review critical physiological factors and conditions influencing the efficacy of BoNT-A for the rational aesthetic use of BoNT-A. We hope that this comprehensive review helps promote management policies to support long-term, safe, successful practice. Furthermore, based on this, we look forward to developing and expanding new advanced indications for the aesthetic use of BoNT-A in the future.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.47-60
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chuna treatment on cervical sprain caused by traffic accident in early stage. Methods : This study carried out on 20 patients who have received hospital treatment in Daejeon Univ. cheonan Oriental Hospital. Non-chuna group got acupunture-therapy, herbal medication, physical therapy and Chuna group got chuna treatment besides. We measured Heart Rate Variability(HRV) and Visual Analog Scale(VAS) on 2nd, 4th day. Results : After being treated by our methods, Chuna Group showed the inclination to balance the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve. In chuna group, an autonomic nerve activity showed the inclination to increase. But there were no significant difference between both groups. Chuna group's VAS were significantly decreased(p=0.043). Conclusions : The results suggest that Chuna treatment help traffic accident patients in early stage to reduce pain. Refer to autonomic nerve system, chuna treatment seem to do positive effect but Further long tenn study in a large scale is needed.