• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2014

현재 산업 및 토목기술의 발전으로 인한 콘크리트 구조물의 대형화 및 다양화가 시도되고 있으나 대형 구조물의 시공 시 발생하는 수화열은 온도균열을 유발하여 콘크리트 구조물의 내구성능을 저하시키는 문제를 발생한다. 본 논문은 시멘트의 종류에 따른 콘크리트의 내구성능 및 수화열 저감 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 보통포틀랜드시멘트, 플라이애쉬를 혼합한 2성분계 시멘트, 플라이애쉬와 고로슬래그를 혼합한 3성분계 시멘트 및 저발열 시멘트를 각 각 사용하여 제작한 콘크리트의 물성, 내구성능 및 수화특성 등의 결과를 비교 분석한 결과, 3성분계 혼합 시멘트가 내구성능 및 수화열 저감 효과에 가장 우수한 것으로 나타나 매스 콘크리트 및 내구성능이 요구되는 구조물 축조에 적합하다고 판단되었다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1992

요지 국내 폐기물 매립장에서 캡 및 바닥차수재로서 이용이 기대되는 혼합차수재를 선정하여 이들의 재료 특성을 살펴보기 위하여 물리, 역학적시험을 실시하였다. 혼합차수재의 주재료로는 플라이애쉬와 화강토 그리고 첨가제로는 벤토나이트와 시멘트를 선정하였다. 본 차수재에 대한 시험결과 최대건조밀도는 서천 및 삼천포 플라이애쉬 혼합재의 경우 벤토나이트 함량이 5%와 25%인 지점을 전후로 하여 증가 감소하고 화강토 혼합재의 경우 벤토나이트의 함량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 강도는 벤토나이트 첨가의 경우 증감현상이 뚜렷하지 않았지만 시멘트 첨가의 경우는 크게 증가하였다. 혼합차수재의 투수계수가 1$\times$10-7cm/sec가 되기 위한 벤토나이트의 첨가량은 서천 및 삼천포 플라이애쉬 그리고 화강토의 경우 각각 18, 30, 10%로나타났으며 주재료의 입도분포, 점토성분함유정도에 따라 첨가제의 필요 함량이 큰 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1225-1230
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• 2007

The emissions characteristics of particulate matters(PM) according to the types of wastes from industrial waste incinerator of 800 kg/hr treatment capacity were investigated. For this study, the incinerate waste are as follows; waste resin, waste wood, waste urethane, waste gunny, and waste paper. The particulate samples were collected to be emitted in stack and air pollution control(both cyclone and bag filter). In stack, the concentrations of PM were in the range of 2.61 to $26.51 mg/Sm^3$ and the major chemical species were C, Si, Cl, K, Na, Ca in all the wastes. In cyclone fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste resin were Zn 34,197.5 mg/kg, Fe 27,587.6 mg/kg, Pb 6,055.8 mg/kg, respectively. In bag filter fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Zn > Pb > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste wood were Pb 36,405.2 mg/kg, Fe 15,762.9 mg/kg, Cu 9,989.5 mg/kg, Cd 2,230.1 mg/kg, respectively. Comparing the heavy metal content of both cyclone and bag filter, in cyclone, the Cr, Fe, Ni content were higher than in bag filter and the Cd, Cu, Hg content were lower than in bag filter.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2022

This study evaluated the potential of coffee waste (CW) and used frying oil (UFO) as an additive in the production of pitch pine (PIP) and Mongolian oak (MOK) pellets. Ash contents obtained from CW and UFO were 0.5% and <0.1%, respectively. The calorific values of UFO (31.4 MJ/kg) and CW (26.3 MJ/kg) are higher than PIP (20.6 MJ/kg) and MOK (19.1 MJ/kg). For pellets fabricated using a pilot-scale flat-die pellet mill, regardless of fabricating conditions, moisture content (MC) and bulk density of PIP and MOK pellets satisfied the A1 wood pellet standard for residential and small-scale commercial uses, as designated by the National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS) of the Republic of Korea. When CW was used as an additive, durability of PIP pellets made with 12%-MC sawdust and MOK pellets increased. The optimal conditions for producing PIP and MOK pellets could be by adding 20 mesh CW as an additive and the using of 12%-MC sawdust. However, durability of PIP pellets and ash content MOK pellets did not satisfy the A1 wood pellet standard of NIFOS. Thus, further research is needed to improve the properties of wood pellets with additives.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2022

Lime stabilization has conventionally been listed amid the key techniques of chemical stabilization. Replacing lime with sustainable agro-based by-products have gained prominence in recent decades. Bagasse ash (BA) is one such potential alternatives, an industrial waste with abundance in production, and industries exploring sustainable solutions for its safe disposal. Supplementing BA with lime could be an ideal approach to reduce lime consumption. However, suitability of BA and lime for the stabilization of expansive clays, such as black cotton (BC) soil is yet to be explored. This paper therefore aims to investigate the suitability of BA-lime mixtures to stabilize BC soil with emphasis to compaction behaviors and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) using standard laboratory procedures. Suitability of BA-lime mixture is then assessed against addition of calcium sulphate which, from previous experience, is detrimental with lime stabilization. Experimental outcomes nominate 15% BA as the optimum value observed from both compaction and UCS data, while addition of 4% lime to 15% BA showed the best results. Mineralogical and microstructural analysis show the presence of cementitious compounds with addition of lime and calcium sulphate with curing periods. While, formation of Ettringite needles were noted with the addition of calcium sulphate in BA-lime mixtures (at optimum values) after 90-day curing, and UCS results showed a decrease at this point. To this end, addition of BA in lime stabilization showed encouraging results as assessed from the compaction and UCS results. Nonetheless usage of calcium salts, with utmost emphasis on calcium sulphate and equivalent should be avoided.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2024

This paper presents results of visual analysis of cracks formation and propagation of concretes made of quaternary binders (QBC). A composition of the two most commonly used mineral additives, i.e. fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) in combination with nanosilica (nS), has been proposed as a partial replacement of the cement. The principal objective of the present study is to achieve information about the effect of simultaneous incorporation of three pozzolans as partial replacement to the OPC on the fracture processes in concretes made from quaternary binders (QBC). The modern and precise non-contact measurement method (NCMM) via digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used, during the studies. In the course of experiments it was established that the substitution of OPC with three pozzolans including the nanoadditive in FA+SF+nS FA+SF+nS combination causes a clear change of brittleness and behavior during fractures in QBCs. It was found that the shape of cracks in unmodified concrete was quasi-linear. Substitution of the binder by SCMs resulted in a slight heterogeneity of the structure of the QBC, including only SF and nS, and clear heterogeneity for concretes with the FA additive. In addition, as content of FA rises throughout each of QBC series, material becomes more ductile and shows less brittle failure. It means that an increase in the FA content in the concrete mix causes a significant change in fracture process in this composite in comparison to concrete with the addition of silica modifiers only.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.82-90
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• 2009

It is very important to utilize effectively fibrous waste paper in terms of cost savings, environmental effects, and governmental policies. The quality of final products and runnability of papermaking process are primarily affected by constitutions of fibrous raw materials. In specific, board grade paper depends directly on compositions of waste paper bales. At present, the raw materials of board grade paper are mainly derived from lots kinds of wastepaper. Some papermaking countries, like EU, USA and Japan have advanced classification and management systems of recycled fiber, but Korea has not yet organized systematically. In this study, evaluation of wastepaper bale compositions and their fiber properties were carried out for effective utilization of fibrous raw materials for board grade paper production. 3 kinds of wastepaper bales were classified to fibrous or non-fibrous materials. In case of fibrous materials, KOCC, kraft sack paper and white duplex board matters were main component in total weight basis, and in case of non-fibrous materials, vinyl, plastic and cloth matters were main component, in turns. 3 representative kinds of waste paper were disintegrated and classified, and then prepared to handsheet for evaluation of recycled fiber property. Consequently, fines and ash content of waste paper, isolated from KOCC and white duplex board were higher than that of kraft sack paper. pH values of all kinds of waste fibers were neutral or weak alkaline.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Increasing the filler content of sheet provides an opportunity for saving production cost through fiber replacement with relatively low-priced filler. But increasing the filler content tends to decrease the strength of paper and filler retention. To overcome these problems, preflocculation technology of fillers has been suggested. To evaluate the effect cationic polymers on the size and size distribution of preflocculated GCC and their shear stability, cationic PAM and cationic starch were used. Results showed that cationic PAM formed large prefloc at low dosage. It was required to add 15 times as high as cationic starch to cationic PAM to obtain the same size prefloc. But preflocs formed with cationic starch was superior in shear stability to those formed with cationic PAM. With the increase of shear rate the size of preflocs decreased. Greater amount of small preflocs or un-flocculated fillers was observed when the dosage of polymers was low and this ended up low ash retention in handsheets.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to reduce the cost of orient leaf using izmir, samsun and basma scraps in cigarettes manufacturing process. We manufactured rolled and paper sheet tobacco using orient scraps and substituted orient leaf in Pine tree to the rolled and paper sheet tobacco using orient scraps. Orient scraps were lower in total sugar, total sugar/nicotine and total nitrogen/nicotine, higher in nicotine and crude ash than those of orient leaves. Izmir and basma scraps were higher of 2-methyl butanoic, 3-methyl butanoic and 3-methyl pentanoic acid, but the chemical contents in samw scraps were lower than those of orient leaves. The specific gravity thickness, flness index, filling value were similar between orient scraps blended sheet tobacco and present sheet tobacco. The physical characteristics of orient scraps blended sheet tobacco were within Present sheet tobacco quality specification. The sheet tobacco using orient scraps was higher 2-metal butanoic, 3-methyl butanoic and 3-methyl pentanoic acid than those of present sheet tobacco. The rolled processed sheet tobacco using orient scraps was higher 2-methyl butanoic, 3-methyl butanoic and 3-methyl Pentanoic acid than those of paper sheet tobacco using orient scraps. The sample cigarettes using orient scraps sheet tobacco were lower 2-methyl butanoic, 3-mettwl butanoic and 3-mettwl Pentanoic acid than those of control cigarettes. The result of sensory test showed no great difference compared with sample of orient scraps and control cigarettes. This result shows that we can possible to substitute orient leaf to orient scraps to reduce the cost of orient leaf.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.258-267
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• 2017

리기다소나무와 신갈나무 목분에 낙엽송 수피 또는/그리고 인공건조시 발생하는 폐액을 첨가제로 사용하여 펠릿을 제조하고, 이에 대한 연료적 특성의 분석을 통하여 고등급 목재펠릿 제조를 위한 원료 및 제조조건을 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 첨가제에 대한 화학적 조성을 조사한 결과, 수피는 90% 이상의 전섬유소와 리그닌으로 구성되어 있었으며, 건조폐액은 대부분 당 성분이라 추정되는 0.1%의 고형분을 가지고 있었다. 신갈나무 목분은 수피의 포함으로 회분 함량(2.2%)이 높았으며, 수피와 건조폐액도 4% 이상의 회분을 가진 것으로 조사되었다. 목분 및 첨가제의 발열량은 모두 국립산림과학원(NIFOS)에서 고시한 "목재제품의 규격과 품질기준"의 목재펠릿 1급 기준(18.0 MJ/kg) 보다 높았다. 피스톤형 펠릿성형기로 제조한 펠릿은 첨가제의 양이 2 wt%인 관계로 회분함량과 발열량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 내구성의 경우, 대부분의 제조 조건에서 첨가제의 사용에 의하여 증가하였다. 한편 첨가제로 수피 그리고 목분의 함수율 조절을 위하여 건조폐액을 함께 첨가하여 제조한 펠릿의 내구성은 첨가제없이 제조한 펠릿과 차이가 없었으며, 수피 또는 건조폐액을 각각 첨가제로 사용하여 제조한 펠릿보다 낮았다. 그러나 펠릿 제조비용 측면에서 건조폐액은 폐수처리에 따른 수익이 가능한 관계로 수피와 건조폐액을 공동으로 펠릿 제조에 사용하는 것이 유리할 것으로 생각한다. 피스톤형 펠릿성형기로 제조한 펠릿의 연료적 특성 측정 결과를 토대로 파일럿 규모의 평다이펠릿성형기로 리기다소나무 및 신갈나무 펠릿을 제조하였다. 제조된 펠릿의 함수율은 목분 및 첨가제의 사용과 상관없이 NIFOS 1급 기준($${\leq_-}$$10%)을 모두 만족하였다. 이에 대한 겉보기밀도와 내구성 측정결과를 종합하면, 첨가제의 사용은 리기다소나무의 경우 목분 함수율을 10%로 조절하고 수피나 건조폐액을 사용하는 것이 그리고 신갈나무의 경우 12%의 목분 함수율에 수피를 사용하는 것이 각각의 최적 목재펠릿 제조 조건이라 생각한다. 신갈나무 펠릿의 회분 함량을 제외하고 이 조건에서 제조한 목재펠릿의 품질은 NIFOS 목재펠릿 1급 기준을 크게 상회하는 것으로 나타났다.