• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.8-13
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• 1986

To investigate effect of sericite on pilot Fourdrinier paper making for loading, with respectively 15% additive sericite on talc, we made newprint with TMP, and then tested sericite on talc, we made newprint with TMP, and then tested sericite and talc abrasion, physical and strength properites of the paper. Consequently, as a loading materials, sericite had outstanding properties different from talc from the result of this paper; 1. Sericite was a good loading materials because the quantity of abrasion was small. 2. Sericite had a good physical properties of Foudrinier paper because brightness. ash content and water absorption were high. 3. Newsprint paper strengthes of additive talc were nigher than those of additive sericite.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1999

A study on the thermal stability of commonly used six fillers, such as titanium dioxide, silica, ground calcium carbonate, zeolite, and, clay, showed that most fillers except titanium dioxide were strongly effected by heat treatment. Therefore, the present methods for determination of ash in paper give weight loss due to thermal decomposition of fillers. It was found that a paper ashing method at a temperature of 40$0^{\circ}C$ allows most fillers in their original and undecomposed from. Results presented in this paper also show that X-ray diffraction can be used for qualitative determination of mixed fillers and coating pigments in a paper sheet.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2016

The study is a pioneering effort to determine the mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical composition and phenolic content and to determine the free radical scavenging activity of Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr, a native bamboo species (locally known as "bolo") in the Philippines. Proximate analysis showed that air-dried G. levis leaves contain 15.8% ash, 22.6% crude protein, 1.2% crude fat, 29.3% crude fiber, and 19.7% total sugar. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of diterpenes, triterpenes, saponins, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in both the ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts, while phytosterols were only detected in the ethanolic extract. Folin-Ciocalteu assay determined the total phenolic content in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) to be $85.86{\pm}3.71$ and $32.32{\pm}1.01mg\;GAE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total phenolic content in quercetin equivalents (QE) was $74.44{\pm}3.11$ and $29.43{\pm}0.85mg\;QE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the different solvent fractions containing varying concentrations of the extract was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions were found to have the highest radical scavenging activity. Mineral analysis via Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) of the ash of G. levis leaves showed that Si is the major component, followed by K and Mg. These results point to the potential of G. levis leaves as a source of minerals and bioactive compounds with medicinal value.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop the automation bark peeling process of paper mulberry for making Hanji. Nowadays, almost raw material has been imported from south-east asia for making Hanji. Raw material dependence is very high for Hanji-making by low productivity in korea. This study is focused on the resolution for problem of bark peeling automation. Water and sand jet of compressed air was possible bark peeling for black bast fiber. The effect of removing black bast fiber increased the longer the steaming time. Also using drum of bark peeling showed that results under temperature $80^{\circ}C$ and Rpm 50/min were best bark peeling and separating bast fiber from stem. The contents of holocellulose, lignin, ethanol-benzene extractives, and ash were 91.63~95.55%, 1.4~2.0%, 1.12~1.65%, and 1.4~4.3%, respectively. Chemical characteristics are similar between imported raw-material with drum bark.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.4 no.1 s.4
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• pp.43-52
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the papermaking characteristics for New Hanji (Korean Paper) products from paper mulberries by new pulping processes. So far wood ash extractives or NaOH only have been used for cooking chemicals at the atmospheric condition. Also bast fibers only have been used as raw materials for Hanji, In this study, as the alternatives to the conventional cooking, alkali, alkali-peroxide and sulfomethylated cookings were applied at the pressurized condition for Hanji pulping, Also bast fibers, woody parts and whole woods are attempting for being utilize as new raw materials for special Hanji. Anatomical and chemical properties of 3 paper mulberry species and their pulping characteristics were analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2016

Mineral carbonation is a technology for permanently storing carbon dioxide by reacting with metal oxides containing calcium and magnesium. In this study, we used sea water and alkaline industrial by-product such as paper sludge ash (PSA) for the storage of carbon dioxide through direct carbonation. We found the optimum conditions of both sea water content (mixing ratio of sea water and PSA) and reaction time required in the direct carbonation through various experiments using sea water and PSA. In addition, we compared the amounts of carbon dioxide storage with the cases when sea water and ultra-pure water were separately used as solvents in the direct carbonation with PSA. The amount of carbon dioxide storage was calculated by using both solid weight increase through the carbonation reaction and the contents of carbonate salts from thermal gravimetric analysis. PSA particle used in this study contained 67.2% of calcium. The optimum sea water content and reaction time in the carbonation reaction using sea water and PSA were 5 mL/g and 2 hours, respectively, under the conditions of 0.05 L/min flow rate of carbon dioxide injected at $25^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. The amounts of carbon dioxide stored when sea water and ultra-pure water were separately used as solvents in the direct carbonation with PSA were 113 and $101kg\;CO_2/(ton\;PSA)$, respectively. The solid obtained through the carbonation reaction using sea water and PSA was composed of mainly calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and a small amount of magnesium carbonate. The solid obtained by using ultra-pure water, also, was found to be carbonate salt in the form of calcite.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 2019

In this study, we conducted experiments to store $CO_2$ and produce $CaCO_3$ through indirect carbonation using paper sludge ash (PSA) and three chelating reagents (fumarate, IDA and EDTA). Fumarate and IDA used as solvents could facilitate the indirect carbonation reaction to store more $CO_2$ than water. When 0.1 M fumarate and IDA were used, $CO_2$ storage was 63 and $89kg-CO_2/ton-PSA$, respectively, and $CaCO_3$ yield was 144 and $202kg-CaCO_3/ton-PSA$. For the case of EDTA, however, the carbonation was hardly progressed. As either the concentration or Ca-ligand stabilization constant of each chelating reagent increased, the calcium extraction efficiency from PSA increased. In addition, the carbonation efficiency was influenced by the Ca-ligand stabilization constant. As the Ca-ligand stabilization constant increased, more calcium could be extracted from the PSA. With the constant larger than that of $CaCO_3$ ($10^{8.35}$), however, the carbonation reaction was not proceeded.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.908-913
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• 2001

Paper sludge Ash (PA) and Fly Ash (FA) wastes are usually land-filled for reclamation or substituted for cements as a resource. It could also offer some advantages when they are substituted for clay to preserve the environment. To recycle those wastes, the sintered specimen made of PA-FA-Clay system were examined to find the microstructure and physical properties. The ratio of clay to wastes was fixed as 30:70 by wt%, while PA to FA within waste portion were varied in the range of $1:6{\sim}7:0$. Those specimens were fired in $1150{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$. It was found that the relative density of sintered specimen was increased with amount of PA added at low sintering temperature (i.e, $1150{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$). This is due to increased amount of liquid during sintering. It is shown, however that at high sintering temperature ($1250{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$), the relative density of specimens was decreased with amount of PA added. This is because of overfiring phenomenon which may be able to induce an inhomogeneous microstructure and increased porosity. The mechanical properties of sintered specimen were depended upon the homogeneity of microstructure in accordance with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and pore size distribution analysis. For example, the compressive strength of 10PA-60FA-30Clay specimen sintered at $1225^{\circ}C$ was twice higher than that of 70PA-30Clay specimen even thought the relative density of those specimen was similar. This decreased strength of 70PA-30Clay specimen appears to be an inhomogeneity of microstructure due to overfiring.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.205-217
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• 2014

As Mt. Backdu is expected to erupt, the social and economic impacts of the eruption on the Korean peninsula as well as on the world become a research topic of interest. If the volcano erupts, South Korea can be directly impacted by volcanic ash, which will bring out secondary damages in various ways. Given that the direct damage is a basis to estimate indirect and secondary damages, this paper was to review a method to estimate direct damages, called catastrophe risk models, and estimate the direct damages of available eruption scenarios of Mt. Baekdu. Based on the results, the damages by volcanic ash will occur mostly around Gangwon province if the Mt. Backdu erupts. Thus the inventory lists and their damage functions of Gangwon provinces were collected. In particular agricultural and forestry products were surveyed based on the land use. Direct damages were estimated using volcanic ash distribution of eruption scenarios, inventory information and their damage functions. In result, a scenario in winter caused the damage of 299.8 billion KRW (20.4% of total agricultural production in 2010) and 28.9 billion KRW (9.0% of total forestry production in 2010) in agriculture and forestry, respectively. The damages in agriculture was larger, and it is due to the damage functions which show the agricultural products are more vulnerable to volcanic ash than forestry products. Also the agricultural production (1,471.7 billion KRW in 2010) are more than 4.5 times the forestry production (322.3 billion KRW in 2010) in Gangwon province. Inje and Gangnung had the most damages in the scenario in winter. Inje had the most damage due to the thick ash deposit (8.5 mm in average) despite the low production. On the other hand, Goseong had a low damage compared to the ash thickness larger than 20mm, owing to the low production. The direct damage estimated through this process can be used to estimate indirect damages.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

This paper investigated the influence of binary and ternary blends of mineral admixtures in self-compacted mortar (SCM) on the fresh, mechanical and durability properties. For this purpose, 25 mortar mixtures were prepared having a total binder content of $640kg/cm^3$ and water/binder ratio between 0.41 and 0.50. All the mixtures consisted of Portland cement (PC), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) as binary and ternary blends and air-entrained admixture wasn't used while control mixture contained only PC. The compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted for 28 and 91 days as well as slump-flow and V-funnel time tests whilst freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance and capillary water absorption tests were made for 91-day. Finally, in general, the use of SF with FA as ternary blends improved the tensile strength of mortars at 28- and 91-day while the use of SF15 with FA increased the compressive strength of the mortars compared to binary blends of FA. SCM mixtures with ternary blends had lower the sorptivity values than that of the mortars with binary blends of FA and the control mixture due to the beneficial properties of SF while the use of FA with SF as ternary blends induced the F-T resistance enhancement.