• 통상정보연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.217-240
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• 2015

본 논문은 28개 국가에 제공한 공적개발원조(ODA)와 원조 수원국의 무역개방이 우리나라 수출에 미친 영향에 중점을 두고 분석하였다. 본 연구는 2005~2012년 기간의 패널자료를 가지고 원조 수원국의 경제규모(1인당 GDP), 무역개방(trade openness), 인구수, 원조 공여국의 공적개발원조(ODA) 규모, 원조 공여국과 수원국간의 거리(distance) 등의 변수를 포함하여 모형을 구축하였다. 또한 원조 수원국을 아시아, 아프리카, 아메리카 등 3개 지역으로 구분하여 이들 지역에 제공한 원조가 우리나라 수출에 미친 영향도 분석하였다. 모형의 적합성을 판단하기 위해 패널 단위근과 패널 공적분 검정을 실시하였으며, 이를 토대로 panel OLS, panel GLM, panel EGLS 등의 추정방법을 이용하였다. 분석결과에 따르면, 원조 수원국의 경제규모, 인구수, 무역개방과 우리나라의 공적개발원조(ODA)는 우리나라 수출 증가에 긍정적이며 통계적으로도 유의한 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 거리변수는 수출증가에 부정적이며 통계적으로도 유의한 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 더미변수를 이용한 경우, 아프리카와 아메리카 지역에 대한 원조는 각각 5%와 10% 유의수준에서 우리나라 수출증가에 부정적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 아프리카에 대한 원조 규모가 최근에 증가하는 추세를 고려할 때 이 지역에 대한 원조가 우리나라 수출을 증진시킬 수 있는 방안들을 우선적으로 모색해야 한다. 또한 아프리카와 아메리카 지역에 대한 원조가 우리나라 수출시장의 확대보다는 자원의 확보와 개발에 중점을 두었는지에 대한 향후 연구도 필요하다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2014

Background: Korea is considered to have an integrative health system where both western medicine and Korean (traditional) medicine are officially recognized and provided. Although Korean medicine has been covered by National Health Insurance over 20 years, equity in the utilization of Korean medical care has rarely been examined. Methods: We examined medical care utilization and expenditure of outpatient Korean medicine using panel fixed effects model to remove selection bias. Then we compared it with pooled ordinary least square (OLS) model. This study used Korea Health Panel data, which provides accurate information on out-of-pocket health care payment, including non-covered medical services. Results: Principal findings indicate that the frequency of the utilization of Korean medicine is related with unobservable individual choices different from western medicine, so the panel fixed effect model is appropriate. But pooled OLS model is better fitted for the expenditure of Korean medicine, after controlling for western medical care expenditure. After adjusting for the selection bias, socioeconomic status (income, education) was significantly associated with the expenditure of Korean medicine, but not with the frequency of the utilization of Korean medicine. Conclusion: This study shows that expenditure of Korean medicine utilization is inequitable across socioeconomic groups, which implies that health insurance coverage of Korean medicine is not sufficient.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

This paper analyzes the factors of renewable energy consumption in Korea, China and Japan. We consider renewable energy consumption per capita as dependent variable, GDP per capita, $CO_2$ emissions per capita and real oil prices as independent variables. To analyze this model, this paper uses three econometric methods such as OLS, fixed effect model and panel GLS, utilizing data from 1990 to 2006 in Korea, China and Japan. According to the results by OLS for each country, an increase in GDP per capita or $CO_2$ emissions per capita or oil prices leads to an increase in renewable energy consumption. According to the results by fixed effect model, an increase in GDP per capita or $CO_2$ emissions per capita leads to an increase in renewable energy consumption. And real oil prices do not have a significant impacts on this model. According to the results by panel GLS, an increase in real GDP per capita as a proxy of income leads to an increase renewable energy consumption. And both $CO_2$ emissions per capita and real oil prices do not correlated closely with renewable energy consumption. Thus oil is not substituted to renewable energy in Northeast asian countries.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Purpose: The present study examines the effects of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions for selected South Asian economies over the time from 1995 to 2016. Research design, data and methodology: The present study is an annual time series analysis of tourism and CO2 emissions. The data is taken from World Development Indicators, an official data bank of World Bank. The study sample covers four South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The empirical analysis is conducted by employing Pedroni panel cointegration, Fully Modified OLS, and Dynamic OLS approaches of estimation. Results: Tourism significantly increases environmental degradation in selected South Asian economies. The empirical estimated results indicate, that 1 % increase in tourism related activities leads to 0.16 % increase in CO2 emissions. In addition energy consumption and GDP are also causing an upsurge in CO2 emissions in the selected panel of South Asian economies. As the empirical results indicate that 1% increase in GDP stimulates carbon dioxide emissions by 0.23%. Conclusion: In order to protect the environment, the study emphasizes that sustainable tourism practices need to be promoted in the selected South Asian countries. Policy implication and provided and discussed.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1998년도 Proceedings The 4th International Transport Symposium
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• pp.160-167
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• 1998

Recent world-wide interest in activity-based travel behavior modeling has generated an entirely new perspective on how the profession views the travel demand process. This paper seeks to further promote the case of activity-based travel behavior models by providing some empirical evidence of relationship between travel time and activity duration decision for worker with transportation panel data. The travel time from home to work and from work to home, without activity involvement, is estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. And, the travel time to and from the selected activity and the activity duration are modeled simultaneously by the Three Stage Least Squares (3SLS) method due to the endogenous relationship between travel time and activity duration. Two kinds of models, OLS and 3SLS, include selectivity bias corrections in a discrete/continuous framework, because of the inter-relationship between the choice of activity type/travel mode (discrete) and the travel time/activity duration (continuous). Estimation is undertaken using a sample of over 1300 household two-day trip diaries collected from the same travelers in the Seattle area in 1989. The behavioral consequences of these models provide interesting and provocative findings that should be of value to transportation policy formulation and analysis.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.1225-1249
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• 2005

This study aims at investigating whether foreign direct investment plays a role as a channel of international technology diffusion. We used the annual panel data from 1980 to 2002. The nonstationary panel techniques, in particular group mean panel FMOLS(fully modified OLS) was exploited as an empirical methodology in order to tackle the heterogeneity between members and low frequency. The empirical results show that inflow direct investments lead to an increase in total factor productivity and economic growth. Also outflow direct investments contribute to an higher total factor productivity and economic growth. These results confirms that both inflow and outflow direct investments are important channels for international technology diffusion or spillover.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.201-219
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the economic effects of the S&T Innovation, R&D, human resources and investment on the economic growth using 18 countries. We have obtained the somewhat mixed results on the existence of unit root roots in variables. While most of Pedroni cointegration tests show that there are no panel cointegration among the variables, Kao cointegration test shows that there is the panel cointegration among the variables such as GDP, human capital, R&D investment and patent. Kao cointegration test result shows that human capital, R&D investment, patent economic growth seem to have the panel cointegration or the long-run relationship among them as a whole. The estimation results of individual OLS and panel estimation show that the human capital, R&D investment and technology innovation or patent had positively significant effects on economic growth or GDP.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.57-76
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• 2019

본 연구는 우리나라 산업 발전에 크게 기여한 운송산업의 주체인 운송업 종사자의 고용생산성 결정요인에 대해 다룬다. 본 연구는 노동패널자료를 활용해 운송업의 고용생산성 결정요인을 선정하고 패널 로지스틱 회귀 모형(Panel Logistic Regression), Panel OLS 모형, Panel Robust regression 모형을 활용하여 요인 간 영향력을 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정규직 여부의 경우 '학력'이 높을수록, '노조가입' 할수록, '직업훈련 경험'이 있을수록 긍정적인 효과가 나타난 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 고용안정성은 '학력'이 높고 '노조가입' 할수록 긍정적인 영향이 미치는 것으로 조사되었으며, '회사규모'가 크고 '기혼'일 경우 고용안정성이 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 소득생산성의 경우 '나이', '학력', '회사규모'의 값이 클수록 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 '직업훈련 이외의 교육', '건강상태'의 값이 클수록 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 직무만족도의 경우는 '여성'일수록, '노조가입' 할수록, '소득'이 높을수록, '고용안정성'이 높을수록 높았고, '보통사람대비 건강상태'가 좋을수록, '전반적 생활만족도'와 '경제적 수준'이 높을수록 직무만족도는 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 도출한 운송산업 고용생산성 결정요인의 분석과 향상 방안 모색을 통해 운송업 고용 생산성 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3417-3426
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• 2012

본 연구는 기본적으로 소유구조(내부 외국인 지분율)가 대리인 비용(자산효율성 비중 영업외비용 비중)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 실증연구이다. 그러나 소유구조와 대리인 비용의 상관성에 대한 기존연구들이 단순히 Pooled OLS Model을 사용하고 있기에 본 연구에서는 단순 Pooled OLS Model이 방대한 양의 패널형 자료의 검증에는 통계적 신뢰성이 부족하다는 전제하에, Pooled-OLS Model의 적합성 검증 결과를 토대로, 자료형성의 시점 및 기업의 효과를 반영하는 Fixed Effect Model과 Random Effect Model을 추가적인 연구모형으로 형성하고 이를 비교분석함으로써 실증분석 결과의 신뢰성 및 통계적 타당성을 높이고자 하였다. 연구 자료는 IMF 경제 위기 이후인 1998~2007년까지 10년간이며 금융업을 제외한 331개 기업을 대상으로 하였다. 주요 결과로는 모델의 적합성 검증결과 대리인 비용 항목 중 자산효율성 비중은 Random Effect Model을 사용하는 것이 적절하였으나 이에 반하여 영업외비용 비중은 Fixed Effect Model의 사용이 적합하였다. 이에 따른 실증분석결과는 Pooled OLS Model에서 채택되었던 가설이 대부분 기각되는 결과가 나왔다. 이는 실증분석에 있어서 사용하는 모형에 따라 다른 분석결과의 도출이 가능하다는 점을 보여주어 연구 자료에 따른 적합한 연구모형의 형성이 통계적으로 유의한 실증결과의 도출을 위해 무엇보다 중요하다는 점을 시사하고 있다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2012

Quantile regression proposed by Koenker and Bassett (1978) is a statistical technique that estimates conditional quantiles. The advantage of using quantile regression is the robustness in response to large outliers compared to ordinary least squares(OLS) regression. A regression tree approach has been applied to OLS problems to fit flexible models. Loh (2002) proposed the GUIDE algorithm that has a negligible selection bias and relatively low computational cost. Quantile regression can be regarded as an analogue of OLS, therefore it can also be applied to GUIDE regression tree method. Chaudhuri and Loh (2002) proposed a nonparametric quantile regression method that blends key features of piecewise polynomial quantile regression and tree-structured regression based on adaptive recursive partitioning. Lee and Lee (2006) investigated wage determinants in the Korean labor market using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). Following Lee and Lee, we fit three kinds of quantile regression tree models to KLIPS data with respect to the quantiles, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 0.95. Among the three models, multiple linear piecewise quantile regression model forms the shortest tree structure, while the piecewise constant quantile regression model has a deeper tree structure with more terminal nodes in general. Age, gender, marriage status, and education seem to be the determinants of the wage level throughout the quantiles; in addition, education experience appears as the important determinant of the wage level in the highly paid group.