• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2020

This study investigated the environmental location effects that Larix kaempferi and mixed forests had on the early growth of wild-simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedlings. Experimental plots were created in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests, and confirmed the location environments and growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedling. Our results showed that the soil properties, such as soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchangeable capacity were significantly higher in the mixed forest soil compared to the Larix kaempferi forest soil. Likewise, the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were significantly higher in mixed forestsd compare to the Larix kaempferi forest. Correlation analysis between tree species ratio, soil properties, and growth characteristics in the experimental plots determined that the soil properties and growth characteristics had significant positive correlation with the broad-leaved forest percentage. Growth characteristics of the wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were shown to have a significant positive correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacities. This study has clearly demonstrated that the tree species ratio, and soil properties in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests were significantly correlated with the early growth of wild simulated ginseng seedlings. These results could help to improve the selection of suitable cultivation sites for wild-simulated ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2018

Cylindrocarpon destructans/Ilyonectria radicicola is thought to cause both rusty symptom and root-rot disease of American and Korean ginseng. Root-rot disease poses a more serious threat to ginseng roots than rusty symptoms, which we argue result from the plant defense response to pathogen attack. Therefore, strains causing rotten root are characterized as more aggressive than strains causing rusty symptoms. In this review, we state 1- the molecular evidence indicating that the root-rot causing strains are genetically distinct considering them as a separate species of Ilyonectria, namely I. mors-panacis and 2- the physiological and biochemical differences between the weakly and highly aggressive species as well as those between rusty and rotten ginseng plants. Eventually, we postulated that rusty symptom occurs on ginseng roots due to incompatible interactions with the weakly aggressive species of Ilyonectria, by the established iron-phenolic compound complexes while root-rot is developed by I. morspanacis infection due to the production of high quantities of hydrolytic and oxidative fungal enzymes which destroy the plant defensive barriers, in parallel with the pathogen growth stimulation by utilizing the available iron. Furthermore, we highlight future areas for study that will help elucidate the complete mechanism of root-rot disease development.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal plants in East Asia. Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are used in obtaining genetic analysis and authentication in many plants. The present study examined five microsatellites in conjunction with P. ginseng in Korea. The total observed allelic number was 17 (mean = 3.4), and gene diversities varied from 0.078 to 0.543 with an average of 0.314. Through a combined analysis of five loci in 100 ginseng samples, 44 different combined genotypes were observed. Expected and observed heterozygosites ranged from 0.077 to 0.541 (mean = 0.313) and 0.040 to 0.130 (0.083), respectively. All examined loci exhibited deficiency of heterozygosity and deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Such results may be explained by the non-random mating and inbreeding that has occurred for several hundred years. These microsatellite markers could be used for the study of molecular genetics and the establishment of DNA marker database, as well as authentication of ginseng species and chromosomal mapping of QTL loci in P. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.389-399
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• 2018

Background: The antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng have been reported in several articles; however, little is known about the antimelanogenesis effect, skin-protective effect, and cellular mechanism of Panax ginseng, especially of P. ginseng calyx. To understand how an ethanol extract of P. ginseng berry calyx (Pg-C-EE) exerts skin-protective effects, we studied its activities in activated melanocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced keratinocytes. Methods: To confirm the antimelanogenesis effect of Pg-C-EE, we analyzed melanin synthesis and secretion and messenger RNA and protein expression levels of related genes. Ultraviolet B (UVB) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) were used to induce cell damage by ROS generation. To examine whether this damage is inhibited by Pg-C-EE, we performed cell viability assays and gene expression and transcriptional activation analyses. Results: Pg-C-EE inhibited melanin synthesis and secretion by blocking activator protein 1 regulatory enzymes such as p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), and cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate response element-binding protein. Pg-C-EE also suppressed ROS generation induced by $H_2O_2$ and UVB. Treatment with Pg-C-EE decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and hyaluronidases and increased the cell survival rate. Conclusion: These results suggest that Pg-C-EE may have antimelanogenesis properties and skin-protective properties through regulation of activator protein 1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein signaling. Pg-C-EE may be used as a skin-improving agent, with moisture retention and whitening effects.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1986

The differences of pigment compositions in leaf chloroplast between sun and shade plant were analyzed to investigate the photo-induced destructive effects on shade species under the strong light. Ginseng was selected as a C-3 shade plant, soybean as C-3 sun species and corn as C-4 malate forming sun species. To study the effects of light, ginseng was divided into two subgroups; the 1 and 2 lines received sunlight a little more than those of 3 and 4 lines. Total amounts of chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls were not considerably different among 3 and 4-lined ginseng, soybean and corn. However, the amounts of the three components of 1 and 2-lined ginseng and the chlorophylls content in corn leaves were smaller than those of others. The molar ratio of lutein to total carotenoids was significantly high in ginseng, that of violaxanthin was considerably high in corn and that of neoxanthin the highest in 1 and 2-lined ginseng among tested samples. Chlorophylls to carotenes ratio was 16.0 and highest in ginseng, 13.2 in soybean and 12.0 in corn. In 1 and 2-lined ginseng, the molar ratios of lutein and carotenes were lower while those of neoxanthin and violaxanthin were higher than those of the samples of more light. It was noticeable that an antheraxanthin-like epoxy carotenoid detected in soybean and corn leaves extracts was not observed in ginseng leaf extract.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.214-224
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• 1998

This study was conducted to develop labor and chemical cultural practice improvement for weed control in ginseng field. Five crop species were screened in vitro and three crop extracts were sprayed in the test allelopathic effect for weed species. Methyl alcohol extracts of rice, oat, rye and wheat straw showed inhibitory effect on the germination of six weed species, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Arthraxon hispidus, Digitaria adscendens, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Setaria viridis. Especially, extract of oat straw was most effective to inhibit the germination of six weed species tested. Also, spraying the extract solution of rice, rye and wheat straw was effective to inhibit the growth of weeds in ginseng field. Ginseng root length, diameter, fresh and dry weight in extract spraying plot were higher than those of non-treatment plot.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.40-56
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• 1995

During the past two decades, China has seen her great progress in plant biotechnology. Since the Chinese market of herb medicine is huge, while the plant resources are shrinking, particular emphasis has been placed in plant tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants, this includes fast propagation, protoplast isolation and regeneration, cell suspension cultures and large scale fermentation. To optimize culture conditions for producing secondary compounds in vitro, various media, additives and elicitors have been tested. Successful examples of large scale culture for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis are quite limited : Lithospermum ery throrhizon and Arnebia euchroma for shikonin derivatives, Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolium for saponins, and a few other medicinal plants. Recent development of genetic transformation systems of plant cells offered a new approach to in vitro production of secondary compounds. Hairy root induction and cultures, by using Ri-plasmid, have been reported from a number of medicinal plant species, such as Artemisia annua that produces little artemisinin in normal cultured cells, and from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. In the coming five years, Chinese scientists will continue their work on large scale cell cultures of a few of selected plant species, including Taxus spp. and A. annua, for the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal interests, one or two groups of scientists will be engaged in molecular cloning of the key enzymes in plant secondary metabolism.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.248-259
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• 2004

A total 115 isolates of Fusarium species from ginseng roots of 'rotted', and soils collected during 1982-1985 in Korea, were identified and classified into 11 species with the Snyder & Hansen System (with reference to Gerlach-Nirenberg's Modified System). The most dominant of these species were F. solani (55 isolates), F. oxysporum (35 isolates), and F. moniliforme (10 isolates) sensu Snyder & Hansen. The other 8 species (15 isolates) were very rarely isolated and previously identified as F. roseum sensu Snyder & Hansen (1945); these were F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, F. graminum, F. arthrosporioides, F. sambucinum, F. reticulatum, F. semitectum and F. poa. Tested for the ability to infect the roots of ginseng (3 yr. old plants) in field condition with the mycelial inoculum, only one isolate of F. solani (34 isolates tested) and one isolate of F. oxysporum (24 isolates tested) were weakly pathogenic to ginseng roots. Any of the isolates (7 isolates tested) of F. moniliforme [Liseola section] were not pathogenic to ginseng. However, all the isolates of tested of the species of Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum, and Cylindrocarpon destructans were highly pathogenic to ginseng roots. The species of Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were supposed to be a host dominant disease agent in ginseng plant.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.432-436
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• 2014

The soil-borne ascomycete fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans causes ginseng root rot disease and produces various secondary metabolites such as brefeldin A and radicicol. The slow growth of this fungus compared with other plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi in soil disturbs isolation of this fungus from soil and infected ginseng. In this study, we developed a selective medium for C. destructans using radicicol produced by this fungus. Supplementing 50 mg/L of radicicol to medium inhibited the mycelia growth of other fungi including Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria panax, but did not affect the growth of C. destructans. In addition, conidia germination of other fungal species except for C. destructans was inhibited in submerged culture supplemented with radicicol. This medium provides a very efficient tool for isolating C. destructans and also can be used as an enrichment medium for this fungus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.105-105
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• 1997

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)에 의한 세포독성이나 DNA손상은 노화와 암에 밀접한 관련이 있다. 본연구에서는 ROS중 hydroxyl radical 생성에 관여되는 $H_2O$$_2$에 의해 유도되는 산화적 세포독성이나 DNA손상에 억제적으로 작용할 수 있는 천연물을 창출하기 위한 연구를 하였다. 인삼(Panax Ginseng)C.A. Meyer의 석유에텔의 추출물(GPE)과 일부분획성분(P2)에 대하여 in vitro에서 지질과산화억제효과 및 프리라디칼소거효과를 시험하고 CHL Cell에서의 $H_2O$$_2$ 유도 세포독성과 산화적 DNA손상에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 한편 이들 물질을 기존의 항산화제인 ascorbic acid, dl-$\alpha$-tocopheorl 및 $\beta$-carotene등과 비교하였다.