• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.106-107
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 1989

Secretory ducts in the stem of Panax ginseng seedlings are observed with light and electron microscopes to clarify development of the epithelial cells of secretory ducts. Secretory duct initial cell is developed from procambial cell which originated from initial cell is differentiated into ipithelial cell ofsecretory ducts. Intercellular space between the epithelial cells are gradually expanded and differentiated into duct lumen. Disintegrations of epithelial cells occur throughout all the stages of development. The cytoplasm of epithelial cells darken and the epithelial cell wall are lysed, preceding their disintegraton. In the epithelial cell organelles are scattered in the cytoplasm. Development of vcuoles are sparse at the early stage. Starch grains decreased gradually, while lipid droplets increased. Free ribosomes are distributed throughout the cytoplasm and secretory vesicles which originated from rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex are fused with the plasmalemma. These suggest that the cellular metabolism is active. Microtubules and plasmodesmata are typically observed in the thickened epithelial cell wall. Secretions are accumulated in duct lumen.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.790-800
• /
• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods: We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results: Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and ∆BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion: This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.249-253
• /
• 2004

The type of air lift bioreactor affected the root growth in ginseng adventitious root cultures. Among bioreactors used in this experiment, bulb type bubble bioreactor (BU) was the best to increase root growth (41.92 g dry weight). The kLa value representing the oxygen transfer capacity from medium to explants (6.98 h$^{-1}$ ) in BU with 5 cm bubble column was higher than other bioreactors. On the other hand, cylindric tube bioreactor (CT) without bubble column resulted in minimum root growth (38.55 g dry weight) and kLa value (5.25 h$^{-1}$ ). Furthermore, the root growth (50.30 g dry weight) in BU with 10 cm bubble column more increased than 5 cm bubble column. However, the kLa value do not affected the secondary metabolite such as ginsenosides. These results show that the bubble column in air lift bioreactor increase kLa value and increased kLa value stimulate the growth of ginseng adventitious roots.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.54-58
• /
• 1988

To define natural embryo growth and germination of the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) seed, freshly harvested and depulped seeds were seeded on nursery bed at Aug. 5 without stratification. At 100 days after seeding, embryo/endosperm length ratio of the seeds in nursery bed was higher than that of the seeds which were stratified with conventional method for 100 days. And also there was no significant difference between dehiscence ratio of the seeds in nursery bed and that from stratification with sand. The germination ratio of the ginseng seeds seeded without stratification at Aug. 5 was about 57% in average of 2 years and was not significantly lower than that of the seeds seeded after stratification at Nov. 15. And there were also no significant differencies of plant growth after germination between the ginseng seedlings from two seeding methods.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.340-346
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to improve cultivation techniques by low cost and labour saving in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedling production, by elucidating proper ratio virgin soil and organic fertilizer, suitable height of front piller. The obtained results are as follows ; The optimal ratio of white decomposition of virgin soil and organic fertilizer was 10:1 for good yield of standard seedling, The fittest height of front piller was 150 cm because of both good seedling growth and yield. The cost for production of seedling of ginseng could be reduced by both optimal ratio of virgin soil, organic fertilizer and selection of front piller height.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1984.09a
• /
• pp.45-48
• /
• 1984

Ion-pair reverse phase HPLC techniques were used to compare the contents of IAA and IAAsp in the embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli derived from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root tissues. The contents of IAA and IAAsp of the embryogenic callus were much higher (7 to 18 X respectively) than those of non-embryogenic callus. There is a distinct fluorescent peak of an unknown component in the HPLC profile of the extract for indolic compounds from non-embryo-genic callus. This distinct difference may be employed as a promising parameter to screen the culture pieces for obtaining the calli with high potential for embryoid formation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 1997

The changes in aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH, E.C. 1.2.1.3.) activity in neurons and astrocytes isolated from rat brains were investigated after administration of ethanol and Korean red ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) saponln. The cerebral ALDH activity with acetaldehyde and Propionaldehyde was higher in the white matter than in the gray matter. However, using indole-3-a-cetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde as substrates, there was no significant difference in activity between two regions in cerebrum. In ethanol treated group, ALDH activity with all the substrates in the gray and white matter was lower than in normal group. In ethanol-saponin treated group, the enzyme activity in the white matter remarkably Increased. The ALDH activity in neurons isolated from cerebral cortex in ethanol-treated group was lower than in normal group. In ethanol-saponin treated group, neuronal ALDH activity with propionaldehyde was significantly recovered but not with Indole-3-acetaldehyde. In astrocytes, although the ALDH activity with propionaldehyde in the ethanol-treated group was not changed as compared with normal group, considerable increase in activity was found in ethanol-saponin treated group. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng saponin may protect the neuronal functions from the toxic effects of acetaldehyde derived from ethanol by stimulation of ALDH activity in astrocytes surrounding nerve cells.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.143-144
• /
• 2008

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.10a
• /
• pp.161-162
• /
• 2010