• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2008

A simple reversed phase HPLC method was developed for extracting pharmacologically active compounds coptisine, palmatine, berberine, and epiberberine from the roots of Coptis chinensis using a binary gradient of acetonitrile : 10 mM hexanesulfonic acid-Na monohydrate with UV detection at 254 nm. The coptisine (1), palmatine (2), berberine (3), and epiberberine (4) contents of the roots of C. chinensis collected from sixteen district markets in Korea and China were $6.79\;{\sim}\;24.63\;{\mu}g/g$, $5.40\;{\sim}\;20.75\;{\mu}g/g$, $21.40\;{\sim}\;81.21\;{\mu}g/g$, and $3.45\;{\sim}\;12.04\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 1997

Berberis amurensis Ruprecht(Berberidaceae) is a medicinal plant indigenous to the middle and northern part of Korean peninsula. The woody parts of this plant have been used for the ocular, peptic and intestinal disorders. The stems of this plants were extracted with MeOH and the MeOH extract was partitioned between organic phases and water layer, successively to fractionated quarternary alkaloids. The acetone-soluble part of guarternary alkaloidal fraction had antibacterial activities and it contained four protoberberine alkaloids such as palmatine(I), Berberine(II), Jatrorrhizine(III) and coptisine(IV), and one aporphine alkaloid, magnoflorine(V). Although the isolations of the compounds I, II, IIII, IV and V from different sources were reported, this is the first report that Berberis amurensis contained the compounds. When the contents of compound I(palmatine) and II(berberine) were quantified and compared with those of other plant parts, cortex contained higher palmatine and berberine than any other part of the plant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2009

Coptis japonica (C. japonica) is a perennial medicinal plant that has anti-inflammatory activity. C. japonica contains numerous biologically active alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, epi-berberine, and coptisine. The most well-known anti-inflammatory principal in C. japonica is berberine. For example, berberine has been implicated in the inhibition of iNOS induction by cytokines in microglial cells. However, the efficacies of other alkaloids components on microglial activation were not investigated yet. In this study, we investigated the effects of three alkaloids (palmatine, epi-berberine and coptisine) from C. japonica on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation. BV2 microglial cells were immunostimulated with LPS and then the production of several inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were examined as well as the phosphorylation status of Erk1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Palmatine and to a lesser extent epi-berberine and coptisine, significantly reduced the release of NO, which was mediated by the inhibition of LPS-stimulated mRNA and protein induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from BV2 microglia. In addition to NO, palmatine inhibited MMP-9 enzymatic activity and mRNA induction by LPS. Palmatine also inhibited the increase in the LPS-induced MMP-9 promoter activity determined by MMP-9 promoter luciferase reporter assay. LPS stimulation increased Erk1/2 phosphorylation in BV2 cells and these alkaloids inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2. The anti-inflammatory effect of palmatine in LPS-stimulated microglia may suggest the potential use of the alkaloids in the modulation of neuroinflammatory responses, which might be important in the pathophysiological events of several neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and stroke.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.240-248
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• 2002

The most effective solvent for extract of dye from amur cork tree was methanol. Two protoberberine alkaloids, berberine and palmatine, were isolated from amur cork tree by Prep-TLC, and the developing solvent was Benzene : AcOEt ; PrOH ; MeOH ; EtNH$_2$(8: 4: 2: 0.5: 0.5). Dyes were stable at a high temperature and there wasn't any change of color at pH 3~9 and with added metal mordants. In adsorption spectra of aqueous solution of berberine and tannin mixture, two isosbestic points$(328^{nm},\;357^{nm})$ were found and the mole fraction of reaction of components was 1:1.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.529-531
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 2007

By screening inhibitory activities on the melanin polymer biosynthesis in B-16 mouse melanoma cell lines, MeOH extract of Phellodendri Cortex was found to have inhibitory effect on melanin polymer biosynthesis. Twelve compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of P. Cortex. They were identified as obacunone (1), limonin (2), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (3), bis(2-methylheptyl) phthalate (4), cycloeucalenol (5), berberine (6), palmatine (7), jatrorrhizine (8), syringin (9), umbelliferone (10), rutaecarpine (11) and scopoletin (12) by comparison of their physical and spectral data with those of authentic samples. Among the isolated compounds, berberine (6) and palmatine (7) showed potent inhibitory effect on the melanin polymer biosynthesis in cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cell lines, with Inhibition rate of 96% and 90%, respectively. As a positive control, arbutin exhibited an inhibition rate of 56%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1402-1407
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• 2005

The fungicidal activities of Coptis japonica (Makino) extracts and their active principles were determined against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani using a whole plant method in vivo, and compared with natural fungicides. The responses varied according to the plant pathogen tested. At 2,000 mg/l, the chloroform and butanol fractions obtained from methanolic extracts of C. japonica exhibited strong/moderate fungicidal activities against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. recondita, and Py. grisea. Two active constituents from the chloroform fractions and one active constituent from the butanol fractions were characterized as isoquinoline alkaloids, berberine chloride, palmatine iodide, and coptisine chloride, respectively, using spectral analysis. Berberine chloride had an apparent $LC_{50}$ value of approximately 190, 80, and 50 mg/l against B. cinerea, E. graminis, and P. recondita, respectively; coptisine chloride had an $LC_{50}$ value of 210,20, 180, and 290 mg/l against B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. recondita, and Py. grisea, respectively; and palmatine iodide had an $LC_{50}$ value of 160 mg/l against Py. grisea. The isoquinoline alkaloids were also found to be more potent than the natural fungicides, curcumin and emodin. Therefore, these compounds isolated from C. japonica may be useful leads for the development of new types of natural fungicides for controlling B. cinerea, E. graminis, P. recondita, and Py. grisea in crops.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.547-552
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• 2013

Cortex Phellodendri (CP) is derived from the dried bark of Phellodendron amurense. It has been widely used as a drug in traditional Korea medicine for treating diarrhea, jaundice, swelling pains in the knees and feet, urinary tract infections and infections of the body surface. In this study, preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was successfully carried out to separate antibacterial compounds from a CP methanol extract. The optimum two-phase CPC solvent system was composed of n-butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5 v/v/v). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 3 $m{\ell}/min$ in ascending mode with rotation at 1,000 rpm. The CPC-separated fraction and purification procedures were carried out by preparatory HPLC. Palmatine weas identified by $^1H$, $^{13}C$-nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy spectral data analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.110-122
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• 2014

This study examined hwangbek dyeability for cotton, silk, and wool from different tree species and origin as well as their berberine and palmatine content. A total of 12 different hwangbek were examined, six purchased directly from different locations of China and six purchased from the Seoul Medicine Market. Hwangbek purchased from China were 3 Kwanhwangbek (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) from Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and 3 Chunhwangbek (Phellodendron chinense Schneid.) from Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guangxi. Hwangbek purchased from the Seoul Medicine Market included 3 hwangbek that originated from Korea and 3 hwangbek imported from China. We extracted 2.5g of each hwangbek into 500mL of water for 60 min at $80^{\circ}C$. Dyeing was conducted using the IR dyeing machine for 30min at $55^{\circ}C$ using a 1:100 liquor ratio. Cotton was mordanted using tannic acid followed by potassium antimonyl tartrate trihydrate treatment before dyeing. Berberine and palmatine pigments in hwangbek were identified with the HPLC-DAD-MS instrument and the amount of pigment was quantified using an ion chromatogram. The results indicated that the K/S values of dyed fabrics were highly related to the amount of pigment in hwangbek used for dyeing.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is the separation of biologically active ingredients from Coptidis Rhizoma which has been widely used as one of oriental herbal medicine for body fever. In this study, berberine-type alkaloids were tested on their biological activities in the aspect of antibacterial, antitumor, anti-herpetic and anti-HIV activity. Contents of five major alkaloids for the various origin of Coptidis Rhizoma were assayed by HPLC. As the results, the content of berberine from Coptis chinensis and Coptis japonica were 6.78% and 7.09%, respectively. The contents of coptisine, jatrorrhizine, berberastine from Coptis chinensis were higher than those of Coptis japonica. The amount of palmatine from both species were almost the same. Surprisingly for antitumor experiment, all compounds have been shown remarkable activity, especially against SNU-l(human stomach cancer) cell line. Among the compounds purified through column chromatography, palmatine, coptisine, and jatrorrhizine inhibited the growth of K-562(human chronic myelogenous leukemia) cell line whereas jatrorrhizine has been shown the effective inhibition of A-549 (human lung) cell line at the same time.