• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.348-361
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• 2015

To reduce the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the government has announced the special platform of technologies as parts of an effort to minimize global climate change, and the government distributed biodiesel since 2006 as the further efforts. Although there are some debates about some quality specifications and unbalanced of source (44% from palm oil), more than 400kton/year of biodiesel was produced in 2013. Moreover the amounts will be increased when the RFS is activated. To solve the unbalanced situation and to achieve the diversity of feeds, it is essential that many researches should be considered. Especially, free and bond glycerines are one of the important properties seriously affected to the combustion system in vehicle & cold properties. Previous method (KS M 2412) couldn't cover the biodiesel derived from lauric oil($C_{12:0}$) such as PKO (Palm Kernel Oil), Coconut oil because those compositions are lighter than other conventional biodiesel sources. In this study, we review the existed method and figure out the factors should improve to analysis the glycerine from PKO and Coconut oil biodiesel. Modifying the analysis conditions to enhance the resolution and change the internal standards to avoid the overlapped- peaks between Capric acid ME ($C_{10:0}$) and standard#1(1,2,4-butantriol). From this revised method, we could solve the restrictions of previous methods. And check the possibility of new method to analyze the glycerine in biodiesel regardless of sources.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2020

Carrots were deep fat fried with sunflower oil (SO), palm oil (PO), and a blend of palm and sunflower oils (PSO with PO:SO as 2:8 or 4:6) at different temperatures (180 and 190℃) and lengths of time (0.5 to 2.5 min). The quality of deep fat fried carrots was determined by the moisture and fat content, color, conjugated dienoic acid (CDA), hydroperoxide, p-anisidine value, and fatty acid composition. The moisture content of fried carrots decreased with increasing frying time, while the fat content increased. The CDA and p-anisidine values of carrots fried with SO were higher than those fried with PO because of greater unsaturated fatty acids content in SO. PSO was a better choice than SO or PO for deep fat frying carrots in the aspects of oxidative stability and ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. These results indicate that the quality of deep fat fried carrots depends on the type of oil and frying temperature used, as well as the length of time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2017

In this study, the hydrolysis rate of palm kernel oil (HPKO) and shea butter were compared by in vitro digestion to develop low-digestible fats. HPKO exhibited a higher hydrolysis rate than shea butter. The initial rate and ${\Phi}max$ value of HPKO were 0.315 mM/s and 78.0%, while the corresponding values for shea butter were 0.117 mM/s and 41.4%. When the two fats were blended at various ratios, the hydrolysis rate, in terms of the ${\Phi}max$ value, was similar to that of shea butter until 2:8 (HPKO : shea butter, w/w). After the analysis of triacylglycerol species and the positional fatty acid composition, the factors that affected the hydrolysis rate were determined. The results suggest that the low hydrolysis rate of shea butter would be due mostly to the stearic acid located at the sn-1,3 positions of triacylglycerol molecules. These properties of shea butter are expected to be the nutritional benefits as a low-digestible fat in foods.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2013

In this research, the stabilization characteristics of upgraded coal using palm oil residues were investigated. The Eco coal, which is the Indonesian low-rank coal, was used as a raw material. The low-rank coal was mixed with palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), and then dried in a nitrogen atmosphere at $107^{\circ}C$. The trend of spontaneous combustion of upgraded coal was studied by measuring of crossing-point temperature (CPT), low temperature oxidation and moisture readsorption. The results of the CPT measuring and low temperature oxidation showed that the propensity of spontaneous combustion of the upgraded coal was improved compared to the dried coal. The moisture readsorption characteristics of the upgraded coal was also improved. The upgraded coal was stabilized through the surface coating with PFAD, and stability of upgraded coal was proportional to the content of PFAD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.362-368
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• 2012

This study examined the fatty acid compositions of the fats extracted from 14 commercial coffee creamers and 11 instant coffee mixes, and evaluated the sensory characteristics of the coffees using different coffee creamers. The fat content in the 14 coffee creamers and 11 coffee mixes was 15~28% and 8~14%, respectively. The fats in 12 coffee creamers consisted of 34~45% lauric, 15~19% myristic and 10~18% palmitic acids. The fats in the other 2 coffee creamers consisted of 43% palmitic, 39% oleic and 10% linoleic acids. The fatty acids of the fats in the 11 coffee mixes were almost all saturated with lauric acid being the most abundant (44~45%). Coconut oil or palm kernel oil might have been used to manufacture the 12 coffee creamers and 11 coffee mixes, which had a higher lauric acid content. Palm oil (PO) might be a fat source for the other 2 coffee creamers. The sensory characteristics of five coffee mixes were evaluated based on their fatty acid compositions. The coffees with the creamers, which had a higher lauric acid content, were significantly more acceptable than those with a higher palmitic acid (p<0.05). The sensory evaluation of the coffees made with the creamers composed of hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) and PO at different ratios showed that the acceptability increased with increasing HCO content. This suggests that PO may have a negative impact on the sensory characteristics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1522-1528
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• 2008

The morphogenetic behavior of a tropical marine Yarrowia lipolytica strain on hydrophobic substrates was studied. Media containing coconut oil or palm kernel oil (rich in lauric and myristic acids) prepared in distilled water or seawater at a neutral pH supported 95% of the cells to undergo a transition from the yeast form to the mycelium form. With potassium laurate, 51 % of the cells were in the mycelium form, whereas with myristate, 32% were in the mycelium form. However, combinations of these two fatty acids in proportions that are present in coconut oil or palm kernel oil enhanced the mycelium formation to 65%. The culture also produced extracellular lipases during the morphogenetic change. The yeast cells were found to attach to the large droplets of the hydrophobic substrates during the transition, while the mycelia were associated with the aqueous phase. The alkane-grown yeast partitioned more efficiently in the hydrophobic phases when compared with the coconut oil-grown mycelia. A fatty acid analysis of the mycelial form revealed the presence of lauric acid in addition to the long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids observed in the yeast form. The mycelia underwent a rapid transition to the yeast form with n-dodecane, a medium-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon. Thus, the fungus displayed a differential behavior towards the two types of saturated hydrophobic substrates.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1048-1056
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• 2018

Non-edible oil sources (i.e., Palm Acid Oil, waste animal fat) usually contain relatively high amount of free fatty acids (FFA) that make them inadequate for direct base catalyzed transesterification reaction. Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems posed by the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification, and has certain advantages over the chemical catalysis of transesterification, as it is less energy intensive, allows easy recovery of glycerol and the transesterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents. In this study, we synthesized biodiesel through enzymatic catalyzed process using high free fatty acid containing waste oil in biodiesel reactor (1 ton/day) and optimized the biodiesel production processes.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2021

Vegetable oils, such as palm oil and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), are used as major raw materials for bio-diesel in transportation and bio-heavy oil in power generation in South Korea. However, due to the high unsaturation degree caused by hydrocarbon double bonds and a high content of oxygen originating from the presence of carboxylic acid, the range of applications as fuel oil is limited. In this study, hydrotreating to saturate unsaturated hydrocarbons and remove oxygen in mixed bio-oil containing 1/1 v/v% palm oil and CNSL on monometallic catalysts (Ni and Cu) and bimetallic catalysts (Ni-Zn, Ni-Fe, Ni-Cu Ni-Co, Ni-Pd, and Ni-Pt) was perform under mild conditions (T = 250 ~ 400 ℃, P = 5 ~ 80 bar and LHSV = 1 h-1). The addition of noble metals and transition metals to Ni showed synergistic effects to improve both hydrogenation (HYD) and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) activities. The most promising catalyst was Ni-Cu/��-Al2O3, and in the wide range of the Ni/Cu atomic ratio of 9/1~1/4, the conversion for HYD and HDO reactions of the catalysts were 90-93% and 95-99%, respectively. The tendency to exhibit almost constant reaction activity in these catalysts of different Ni/Cu atomic ratios implies a typical structure-insensitive reaction. The refined bio-oil produced by hydrotreating (HDY and HDO) had significantly lower iodine value, acid value, and kinetic viscosity than the raw bio-oil and the higher heating value (HHV) was increased by about 10%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1992

Production of cocoa butter equivalent fat (CBE) from palm oil and stearic acid by reverse micelle lipase reaction system was studied. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of triglycerides were performed by HPLC. The reaction conditions for maximum conversion from triolein and stearic acid to 1-stearoyl-2,3-dioleoyl glycerol(SOO) and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol(SOS) were as follows: a molar ratio of water/Aerosol OT, 10; triolein, 30 mM; stearic acid, 90 mM; pH, 7.5; and temperature, $50^{\circ}C$. By lipase in reverse micellar system containing palm oil and stearic acid, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol(POP), 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dioleoyl glycerol(POO) and SOO decreased, but large amounts of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl glycerol(POS) and SOS was formed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.563-568
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• 1988

Relative effectiveness of antioxidants with their synergists was investigated by measuring AOM stability of palm oil and beef tallow during heating. TBHQ added at a concentration of 0.02% gave the highest AOM stability to palm oil among the antioxidants tested at the equivalent concentration. Beef tallow with added TBHQ showed a higher AOM stability than those with α-tocopherol$({\alpha}-toc)$ and a mixture of BHA and BHT, but showed a lower AOM stability than those with {$\delta}-rich$ tocopherol$({\delta}-toc)$ and mixed tocopherol(m-toc). Addition of ${\alpha}-toc$ to palm oil and beef tallow increased the AOM stability less than a mixture of BHA and BHT. Palm oil and beef tallow with added ${\delta}-toc$ and m-toc showed higher AOM stabilities than that with ${\alpha}-toc$, and there was no significant difference in AOM stability noted between ${\delta}-toc$ and m-toc. The synergistic effects of citric acid to ${\alpha}-toc\;and\;{\delta}-toc$ and of ascorbyl palmitate to ${\delta}-toc$ was noted higher in beef tallow than in palm oil, while that of ascorbyl palmitate to ${\alpha}-toc$ was higher in palm oil than in beef tallow.