• 응용통계연구
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.915-930
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• 2011

경기의 결과를 모형 화하는 것은 다양한 방법을 통하여 이루어져 왔다. 특히 두 개의 팀만이 경기를 하는 경우에는 더욱 다양한 방법이 제안되었다. 그 중에서 Bradley-Terry 모형은 짝지어진 자료로부터 선호하는 크기의 특성을 얻을 수 있는 가장 넓게 사용되어지고 있는 모형이다. Bradley-Terry 모형은 스포츠 경기결과의 분석과 심리학에 관련된 분야들에서 다양하게 적용되어진다. 본 연구자는 한국 프로야구 자료에 Bradley-Terry 모형을 적용하였다. 그 결과 연속형 공변량의 경우 평균자책점과 세이브를 포함하는 모형이 최적으로 나타났고 관심의 대상이 되는 몇 가지 범주형 분석의 결과 동군과 서군, 골든글러브, 다승왕, 그리고 홈경기의 이점이 승부에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이들의 조합은 단순히 연속형 변수만을 포함한 모형이 분석 결과 더 적절한 것으로 고려되어졌다. 제안된 모형은 경기의 승패를 예측하는 데도 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 한 예로 한국시리즈에서 우승할 확률들의 순서가 2008년도의 결과와 정확히 일치하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.3-19
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to investigate desirable width / height ratio of enclosed space and to offer basic information for the design of enclosed spaces. The data of this study were gathered from the experiment through simulation. Photographic sampling of 7 campus sites located in Kwanak campus of Seoul National University and slides of perspective drawings of enclosed spaces with various D/H ratio (12, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12)were used for simulation. A response format was made using the method of paired comparison and students from various departments were randomly selected for evaluation. In the method of analysis of data Thurstone's equation of Comparative Judgement was used for calculating preference score. A1so non-linear regression analysis was used for finding out relations between preference and D/H ratio. The other method of data analysis were correlation, Chi - test. And the results were summarized as follows. 1. In sketch simulation the ratio of D/H 4 got the highest preference store. This result suggests that desirable D/H ratio of enclosed space is D/H 4. And at the lower range of D/H ratio, as ratio increases, the preference score increases. At the higher range of D/H ratio, however, as ratio increases, the preference score starts to decrease from the cardinal point of D/H 4. 2. In campus photograph simulation preference is influenced by slope, elevation change of floor, trees, lawn area, familiarity, space arrangement, and exterior shape of building besides D/H ratio. 3. The preference virtue was not significantly affected by order effect. This result suggests that order effect can be ignored in the study of visual preference. 4. There are so many factors related to preference that it is difficult to explore those factors without scientific information based on scientific method. We must carry out study for scientific approach of planning and design based on precise, complete simulation technique.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2015

Purpose: Catheter urine (CATH-U) and suprapubic aspiration (SPA) are reliable urine collection methods for confirming urinary tract infections (UTI) in infants. However, noninvasive and easily accessible collecting bag urine (CBU) is widely used, despite its high contamination rate. This study investigated the validity of CBU cultures for diagnosing UTIs, using CATH-U culture results as the gold standard. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 210 infants, 2- to 24-month-old, who presented to a tertiary care hospital's pediatrics department between September 2008 and August 2013. We reviewed the results of CBU and CATH-U cultures from the same infants. Results: CBU results, relative to CATH-U culture results (${\geq}10^4$ colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) were widely variable, ranging from no growth to ${\geq}10^5CFU/mL$. A CBU cutoff value of ${\geq}10^5CFU/mL$ resulted in false-positive and false-negative rates of 18% and 24%, respectively. The probability of a UTI increased when the CBU bacterial count was ${\geq}10^5/mL$ for all infants, both uncircumcised male infants and female infants (likelihood ratios [LRs], 4.16, 4.11, and 4.11, respectively). UTIs could not be excluded for female infants with a CBU bacterial density of $10^4-10^5$ (LR, 1.40). The LRs for predicting UTIs based on a positive dipstick test and a positive urinalysis were 4.19 and 3.11, respectively. Conclusion: The validity of obtaining urine sample from a sterile bag remains questionable. Inconclusive culture results from CBU should be confirmed with a more reliable method.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1137-1146
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• 2010

승부를 예측하는 많은 연구방법들이 있고, 지금도 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 많은 예측 방법들 중에서, 경기력에 영향을 미치는 현실적인 변수를 고려한 통계적인 모형을 사용하여 예측한다면 다른 예측방법들 보다 정교한 예측을 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2010년 남아공 월드컵 축구 결과 예측을 위하여 Bradley-Terry 모형을 고려한다. 이 예측모형은 경기력에 영향을 미치는 확률변수들을 포함하고, 쌍별 비교 방법을 사용하였다. 모형에 포함된 각 국가의 가치모수는 Newton-Raphson 알고리즘을 이용하여 얻은 수렴한 값이다. 이 모형을 사용하여 32개국 중 16강 진출하는 국가를 예측하였고, 8강, 4강, 결승진출, 우승팀까지 예측하였다. 2010년 남아공 월드컵 축구의 최종 결과와 이 예측자료를 비교하고 향후 연구에 대해 토론한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.204-217
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of lateral position and chest percussion on gas exchange in the decreased level of conscious patients. The Subjects for this study were 21 patients' admitted in ICU of CNUH from Dec 18th, 1989 to Aug 4th, 1990. The Data was analyzed by paired t - test. The results of this study as follows ; 1) In comparison of supine position, good -lung dependent position and good - lung dependent with chest percussion, the difference of PaO ㆍ was statistically significant (P＜0.05). 2) In comparison of supine position, good -lung dependent position and good - lung dependent with chest percussion, the difference of A-a Do ㆍ was statistically significant (p＜0.05). En conclusion, the use of good -lung dependent position and chest percussion was effective nursing intervention on decreased level of conscious patients in ICU.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

Nowadays an HMM-based text-to-speech system (HTS) has been very widely studied because it needs less memory and low computation complexity and is suitable for embedded systems in comparison with a corpus-based unit concatenation text-to-speech one. It also has the advantage that voice characteristics and the speaking rate of the synthetic speech can be converted easily by modifying HMM parameters appropriately. We implemented an HMM-based Korean text-to-speech system using a small size Korean speech DB and proposes a method to increase the naturalness of the synthetic speech by controlling duration model parameters in the HMM-based Korean text-to speech system. We performed a paired comparison test to verify that theses techniques are effective. The test result with the preference scores of 73.8% has shown the improvement of the naturalness of the synthetic speech through controlling the duration model parameters.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effects of sling exercise on muscle activity and pain in patients with rotator cuff repair. Methods: This research evaluated 20 rotator cuff repair patients, divided randomly between 10 controls and 10 in an experimental group who performed a sling exercise. Both the experimental and control groups underwent transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and performed continuous passive motion. Muscle activity was measured with a surface electromyograph and pain was measured with the visual analogue scale. The paired t-test was used to compare groups before and after the experiment. The independent t-test was conducted to assess differences in the degree of change between the two groups before and after the experiment. Results: Within-group comparison of both the experimental and control group showed significant differences in muscle activity and pain. Comparison of the groups revealed significant differences in muscle activity between groups group, but not in pain. Conclusion: These results indicate that sling exercise is effective for improving muscle activity of rotator cuff repair patients.

• 대한한방체열의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate DITI (Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging)'s potential for diagnosis and indicator of abdominal cold hypersensitivity treatment from the clinical case study. Methods: The patient was a 35-year-old woman who was suffered by general coldness, sweating and general pain. The patient was treated by Herb medicine, Acupuncture treatment, Moxa treatment and Physical Treatment. The progress of symptoms was evaluated by checking the change of VAS, and inspecting the DITI. We studied the statistical significance from the difference of DITI results before and after treatment by paired T-test using SPSS windows (version 12.0). Results: The general coldness, sweating and general pain of this patient have declined, especially the abdominal coldness improvement showing. As a results, the temperature of four abdominal sites(GV4,6,12,17) after treatment were statistically higher than those before treatment. With comparison of Indang, DITI difference of abdominal sites before and after treatment were statistically significant from paired T-tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that DITI can be used for the diagnosis and assessment of abdominal cold hypersensitivity treatment.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.943-960
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• 2014

A visually servoed paired structured light system (ViSP) was recently proposed as a novel estimation method of the 6-DOF (Degree-Of-Freedom) relative displacement in civil structures. In order to apply the ViSP to massive structures, multiple ViSP modules should be installed in a cascaded manner. In this configuration, the estimation errors are propagated through the ViSP modules. In order to resolve this problem, a displacement estimation error back-propagation (DEEP) method was proposed. However, the DEEP method has some disadvantages: the displacement range of each ViSP module must be constrained and displacement errors are corrected sequentially, and thus the entire estimation errors are not considered concurrently. To address this problem, a pose-graph optimized displacement estimation (PODE) method is proposed in this paper. The PODE method is based on a graph-based optimization technique that considers entire errors at the same time. Moreover, this method does not require any constraints on the movement of the ViSP modules. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the PODE method reduces the propagation errors in comparison with a previous work.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the difference of the movement of the mandibular condyles between trans cranial and panoramic TMJ radiographs to view the movement of the mandibular condyles. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four paired transcranial and panoramic TMJ radiographs of patients were used to evaluate the movement of the mandibular condyle. The distances, from the most superior point of the mandibular condyle to the most inferior point of the articular eminence on both radiographs, were measured. The measurements were taken at closed state and maximum opening state of each radiograph on both side. Differences between matched pairs were analysed by paired t-test, with significance established at P<0.05. Results and Conclusion: The mean distance, from the most superior point of the mandibular condyle to the most inferior point of the articular eminence on both radiographs, was statistically different at each side (P<0.05). At closing state, the mean distance measured on panoramic TMJ radiographs was longer than on transcranial radio-graphs (0.85 mm at right side, 1.20 mm at left side). But at maximum opening state, the mean distance on transcranial radiographs was longer (1.00 mm at right side, 0.62 mm at left side) than panoramic TMJ radiographs.