• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

To evaluate the accuracy and extent in the localization of cerebral motor coutex activation using a gradient- echo echo planar imaging(GE-EPI) compared to spin-echo echo planar iimaging(SE-EPI) on 3T MR imaging. Functional MR imaging of cerebral motor cortex activation was examined in GE-EPI and SE-EPI in five healthy male volunteers. A right finger movement was accomplished with a paradigm of 6 task and rest, periods and the cross-correlation was used for a statistical mapping algorithm. We evaluated any sorts of differenced of the time seried and the signal intensity changes between the rest and task periods obtained with two technoques. The qualitative analysis was distributed with activation sites of large veins and small veins by using two techniques and was found that both the techniques were clinically uesful for delineating large veins and small veins in fMRL Signal intensity charge of the rest and activation periods provided simmilar activations in both methods(GE-EPI : 0.93$\pm$0.11, SE-EPI : 0.80$\pm$.015) but the signal intensity in GE-EPI(133.95$\pm$15.76) was larger than in SE-EPI(74.5$\pm$18.90). The average SNRs of EPI raw data were higher at SMA in SE-EPI(48.54$\pm$12.37) than GE-EPI(41.4$\pm$12.54) and at M1 in SE-EPI(43.24$\pm$11.77) than GE-EPI(38.27$\pm$6.53). The localization of activation voxels of the GE-EPI showed a larger vein but the SE-EPI generally showed small vein. Then the analysis results of the two techniques were used for a statistacal paired student t-test. SE-EPI was found clinically useful for localizing the cerebral moter cortex cativation on 3.0T, but showed a little different activation patterns comparad to GE-EPI. In conclusion, SE-EPI may be feasible and can detect true cortical activation from capillaries and GE-EPI can obtain the large veins in the motor cortex activation on 3T MR imaging.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyze the requirements of the road traffic safety moderator robot when road repairing. The road traffic safety moderator robot is road traffic safety equipment and to conversions mechanical engineering and IT when road repairing. METHODS : The study used AHP based on the survey from road repair related expert that field engineers, design engineers, public officials and professors. The survey used paired comparison. The survey items were safety, convenience and economics. The safety is classified as visibility or efficiency, the convenience is classified as utility or mobility and the economics is classified as initial investment cost or maintenance $ management cost. The survey alternatives were the road traffic safety moderator robot, traffic regulation by human, traffic regulation by mannequin and traffic signs. The software for AHP is Expert Choice 2000. RESULTS : The results of AHP analyze, the weighted value of safety was analyzed with the highest at 0.488 of survey items. The weighted value of convenience was analyzed at 0.295, the weighted value of economics was analyzed at 0.218. The results of the road traffic safety moderator robot, the weight value of efficiency and utility were analyzed with the highest at 0.284 and 0.259 of alternatives. The weighted value of initial investment cost and maintenance & management cost were analyzed with the lowest at 0.203 and 0.211 of alternatives. The consistency test results of each items, null hypothesis is rejected because the CR values were 0.000 respectively. Therefore, the study results are consistency. CONCLUSIONS : The result of this study, overall value of the road traffic safety moderator robot came off second-best of other alternatives. The road traffic safety moderator robot has been received highest praise by the result of the study as good road traffic safety equipment when road repairing because the weighted values of efficiency and utility were analyzed with the highest of survey items. The efficiency mean securing safety and the utility mean practical assistance when road repairing. The results of this study showed that the road traffic safety moderator robot will effective for traffic safety when road repairing. economics and visibility are that supplementation of the road traffic safety moderator robot because the weighted values of economics and visibility were analyzed with the lowest of survey items. The consistency test results are consistency because the CR values were 0.000 respectively.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and affects daily activities such as walking. In the majority of the population, mild LLD is a common condition. Nevertheless, it is still controversy among researchers and clinicians on the effects of mild LLD during gait, and available studies have largely overlooked this issue. Objects: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of mild LLD on the gait parameters and trunk acceleration. Methods: A total of 15 female and male participants with no evidence of LLD of >.5 ㎝ participated in the present study. All participants walked under the following two conditions: (1) The non-LLD condition, where the participants walked in shoes of the same heel height; (2) A mild LLD condition induced by wearing a 1.5 ㎝ higher heel on the right shoe. The GAITRite system and tri-axial accelerometer were used to measure gait parameters and trunk acceleration. To compare the variation of each variable, a paired t-test was performed. Results: Compared to the non-LLD condition, step time and swing phase were significantly increased in the mild LLD condition, while stance phase, single support phase, and double support phase significantly decreased in the short limb (p<.05). In the long limb of the mild LLD condition, single support phase significantly increased, while swing phase significantly decreased (p<.05). Furthermore, significant decrease in the gait velocity and cadence in the mild LLD condition were observed (p<.05). In the comparison between both limbs in the mild LLD condition, the step time and swing phase of the short limb significantly increased compared with the long limb, while step length, stance phase, and single support phase of the long limb significantly increased compared with the short limb (p<.05). Additionally, trunk acceleration of all directions (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, vertical) significantly increased in the mild LLD condition (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that mild LLD causes altered and asymmetrical gait patterns and affects the trunk, resulting in inefficient gait. Therefore, mild LLD should not be overlooked and requires adequate treatment.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 2018

The problem of wheel tread defects has become a major challenge for the health management of high-speed rail as a wheel defect with small radius deviation may suffice to give rise to severe damage on both the train bogie components and the track structure when a train runs at high speeds. It is thus highly desirable to detect the defects soon after their occurrences and then conduct wheel turning for the defective wheelsets. Online wheel condition monitoring using wheel impact load detector (WILD) can be an effective solution, since it can assess the wheel condition and detect potential defects during train passage. This study aims to develop an FBG-based track-side wheel condition monitoring method for the detection of wheel tread defects. The track-side sensing system uses two FBG strain gauge arrays mounted on the rail foot, measuring the dynamic strains of the paired rails excited by passing wheelsets. Each FBG array has a length of about 3 m, slightly longer than the wheel circumference to ensure a full coverage for the detection of any potential defect on the tread. A defect detection algorithm is developed for using the online-monitored rail responses to identify the potential wheel tread defects. This algorithm consists of three steps: 1) strain data pre-processing by using a data smoothing technique to remove the trends; 2) diagnosis of novel responses by outlier analysis for the normalized data; and 3) local defect identification by a refined analysis on the novel responses extracted in Step 2. To verify the proposed method, a field test was conducted using a test train incorporating defective wheels. The train ran at different speeds on an instrumented track with the purpose of wheel condition monitoring. By using the proposed method to process the monitoring data, all the defects were identified and the results agreed well with those from the static inspection of the wheelsets in the depot. A comparison is also drawn for the detection accuracy under different running speeds of the test train, and the results show that the proposed method can achieve a satisfactory accuracy in wheel defect detection when the train runs at a speed higher than 30 kph. Some minor defects with a depth of 0.05 mm~0.06 mm are also successfully detected.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare improvement according to the hospitalization period of patients with neck pain as a result of traffic accidents. Methods : Patients of 59 cases with neck pain induced by traffic accidents were investigated. Based on their hospitalization period, 59 subjects were divided into two groups: A group with a shorter hospitalization period and B group with a longer hospitalization period. Each group was treated by the same therapies including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and herbal medicine. To compare the treatment effects of the two groups, the Visual Analog Scale(VAS) was used. Statistical analysis between two groups was assessed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U Test and paired t-test through the SPSS 12.0 Windows program. Results : After admission treatment, both A and B group showed a significant decrease in their VAS scores. In addition, B group, of which the hospitalization period was longer than A group, showed a significant improvement in comparison to A group in its VAS score. Conclusion : This study suggests that pain control is more effectively achieved in patients that received more than 8 days of admission treatment compared to those who received less than 7 days of admission treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5448-5454
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary data to improve the quality of vocational education program by analyzing basic occupational skills and acquired knowledge of vocational college graduates. A total of 236 graduates were sampled to examine their competency importance level - competency performance level, and study differences between competency importance level and contribution level of college education. The paired sample t-test and importance-performance analysis were employed to investigate meaningful differences between competency importance level and Competency performance level in regard to acquired knowledge and basic occupational skills. Meaningful differences were found in 12 areas at significance level of 0.01. According to importance-performance analysis, differences were presented in 4 areas in the first quadrant, 1 in the second quadrant, 4 in the third quadrant, and 3 in the fourth quadrant. In comparison study between competency importance level and college contribution level, the latter was found to be relatively less influential as differences were presented in all of 12 areas at significance level of 0.01. This research will helps to enhance the practicality and effectiveness of education program in vocational college.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.130-138
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• 2018

This study was a descriptive study, analyzing the clinical judgment process that occurs in a simulation of practice education for nursing students applying to LCJR. Subjects were two nursing college students in S city. Fever scenario and apnea scenario, including mock patient, were implemented. Data collection was conducted between September, 2013 and December, 2014. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation of PASW statistics 18.0 program. The result of this study revealed that the clinical judgment scores of nursing college students were 30.50 for males and 29.32 for females. Nursing Clinical judgment score for the apnea scenario was higher than the score for the febrile scenario, and nursing students' self-evaluation and professors' evaluation showed a significant correlation with respect to the responding domain. In comparison the student and faculty ratings, domain of interpreting and domain of reflecting were significant This study will provide educators with foundational knowledge of program development to enhance nursing students' clinical judgment abilities. We suggest more discussion on their nursing practice and judgment during debriefing session may be beneficial for students.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 2016

In this study, correlations between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values and surface-level $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at Gosan, Korea have been investigated. For this purpose, data from various instruments, such as satellite, sunphotometer, Optical Particle Counter (OPC), and Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL) on 14-24 October 2009 were used. Direct comparison between sunphotometer measured AOD and surface-level $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations showed a $R^2=0.48$. Since the AERONET L2.0 data has significant number of observations with high AOD values paired to low surface-level $PM_{2.5}$ values, which were believed to be the effect of thin cloud or Asian dust. Correlations between MODIS AOD and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were increased by screening thin clouds and Asian dust cases by use of aerosol profile data on Micro-Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNet) as $R^2$ > 0.60. Our study clearly demonstrates that satellite derived AOD is a good surrogate for monitoring atmospheric PM concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.521-529
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• 2016

Since Gamma Knife(R) radiosurgery(GKRS) is based on a single-fraction high dose treatment strategy, independent verification for the results of Leksell GammaPlan(R) (LGP) is an important procedure in assuring patient safety and minimizing the risk of treatment errors. Several verification methods have been developed and reported previously. Thus these methods were tested statistically and tried on Leksell Gamma Knife(LGK) target treatments through the embodiment of the previously proposed algorithms(PPA). The purpose of this study was to apply and evaluate the accuracy of verification methods for LGK target treatments using PPA. In the study 10 patients with intracranial lesion treated by GKRS were included. We compared the data from PPA and LGP in terms of maximum dose, arbitrary point dose, and treatment time at the isocenter locations. All data were analyzed by Paired t-test, which is statistical method used to compare two different measurement techniques. No statistical significance in maximal dose at 10 cases was observed between PPA and LGP. Differences in average maximal dose ranged from -0.53 Gy to 3.71 Gy. The arbitrary point dose calculated by PPA and LGP was not statistically significant too. But we found out the statistical difference with p=0.021 between TMR and LGP for treatment time at the isocenter locations. PPA can be incorporated as part of a routine quality assurance(QA) procedure to minimize the chance of a wrong overdose. Statistical analyses demonstrated that PPA was in excellent agreement with LGP when considering the maximal dose and the arbitrary point dose for the best plan of GKRS. Due to the easy applicability we hope PPA can be widely used.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.395-406
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• 1994

To study the conditions to enhance success of embryo transfer in the dog, 20 mixed-breed bitches were used for the experiment along with 4 male dogs for mating. The bitches were paired according to synchronism of natural estrus, or the counterpart as donor or recipient was treated with gonadotropin as FSH (follicular stimulating hormone) or PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) for induction of estrus to be synchronized with estrus of the other bitch in natural estrus. Embryo recovery was performed in two ways for comparison, either by flushing each uterine horn after ovariohysterectomy or by flushing each horn in the state of non-ovariohysterectomy. In addition, the result of pregnancy according to the embryo stage and the repeatability of the experimental animals as donor or recipient were also investigated. FSH or PMSG was administered to the bitches which had passed over 4 months from last estrus, resulting in estrus-positive in 3 dogs of 6 FSH-treated dogs (50.0%), and in 5 dogs of 9 PMSG-treated dogs (55.6%), determined by proestrus signs and vaginal smear test. Estrus-positive bitches induced with gonadotropin were used as donor or recipient resulting in one embryo-recovered bitch as donor and one offspring-delivered bitch as recipient in 5 PMSG-treated dogs, whereas no result was obtained from 3 FSH-treated dogs. The rate of embryo recovery to be compared with number of corpus luteum was 68.2% in ovariohysterectomized dogs and 55.2% in non-ovariohysterectomized dogs, respectively. The number of dogs from which embryo was collected were 4 dogs of 6 ovariohysterectomized dogs (66.7%) and 6 dogs of 7 non-ovariohysterectomized dogs (85.7%), respectively. The result of parturition was obtained from one dog of 5 estrus-induced recipients, whereas no result was obtained from 3 natural-estrus recipients. The only dog which delivered a male puppy had been transferred 3 morulae and 2 blastocysts. Of 6 repeat-used bitches in canine embryo transfer, 3 dogs showed repeatability either as donor or recipient. These results indicated that inducing estrus of a dog with gonadotropin is feasible in canine embryo transfer to be synchronized with that of a natural-estrus dog, that embryo recovery is also possible in non-hysterectomized dogs, that the estrus-induced dog is also usable as recipient to result in parturition, and that repeat-use of a bitch as donor or(and) recipient is possible in canine embryo transfer.