• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of injected ketorolac to that of other agents for impacted third molar surgical removal in a healthy population. PubMed, Ovid SP, Cochrane databases were filtered from 1980 to July 2020 for potential papers using relevant MeSH terms and pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria independently by reviewers. Studies that compared pre-emptive intramuscular or intravenous administration of ketorolac to other agents were evaluated. The outcomes sought were self-reported postoperative pain (patient-perceived pain), median duration for rescue analgesic medication, total number of analgesics consumed in the recovery period, and global assessment (overall patient satisfaction) after the recovery period. Six studies were included in the final evaluation. The outcome of pain perception and the number of analgesics taken were significantly lower in the ketorolac group (intramuscular or intravenous) in most of the studies (n=5) than in the group of other drugs. The mean time for rescue analgesia intake was higher for the ketorolac group, and global assessment scores were also better in the ketorolac group. Although the included studies show significantly better outcomes such as postoperative pain, median time taken for rescue medication, total number of analgesics taken, and overall patient satisfaction with injected ketorolac group in comparison to injected diclofenac, dexamethasone, and tramadol, definitive conclusions cannot be made regarding the superiority of injected Ketorolac as a pre-emptive agent. A greater number of randomized control trials with a proper protocol are needed to make definitive conclusions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2023

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of pork sausage (PS) with sea tangle extract (STE) and rapid chilled pre-rigor muscle (RCPM) for the development of reduced-salt low-fat sausage. Methods: Pre- and post-rigor pork ham muscles were prepared to process PSs. Positive control (reference, REF) using post-rigor muscle were manufactured at a regular-salt level of 1.5%. Fresh and rapid-chilled pre-rigor muscle (FPM and RCPM) were used to manufacture reduced-salt sausages with 0.8% salt. Reduced-salt PSs were prepared with four treatments: FT1 (FPM alone), FT2 (FPM with 5% STE), RT1 (RCPM alone), and RT2 (RCPM with 5% STE). The physicochemical and textural properties of the sausages with reduced-salt levels and RCPM combination were measured to determine if the characteristics of RCPM were similar to those with FPM. Results: The pH values of PS with FPM and RCPM were higher than those of REF with post-rigor muscle. Color values (L^*, a^*, b^*) were not affected by different rigor-states and salt addition level. Textural properties of reduced-salt PSs were similar to those of REF due to the improved functionalities of pre-rigor muscle. RT2 had lower expressible moisture (%) than other treatments with post-rigor muscle and RCPM except for RT1. Conclusion: The addition of STE and RCPM to reduced-salt PS increased the water-holding capacity, which was lower than those of PS with STE using RCPM but similar to those of regular-salt sausage.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

In this study, various influent sludge pre-treatment methods were adopted to investigate their effects on the sludge digestion and methane production in combined mesophilic anaerobic and thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion process. A lab-scale sewage sludge digestion process was operated during 4 phases using different feed sludge pre-treatment strategies. In phase 1, feed sludge was supplied without any pre-treatment. In contrast, in phases 2, 3 and 4, thermal, thermal-alkaline and long time alkaline treatment (7 days) were applied to influent sludge, respectively. With sludge pre-treatment, TCOD removal was drastically increased from 44% to 76% from phases 1 to 4, respectively. Also, pre-treatment of feed sludge significantly improved the methane production rate of MAD, showing an increment from 101 to 165-256mL/L/day. Meanwhile, TCOD removal and methane production at phase 4 were not increased, compared to those at phase 3. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that pre-treatment of feed sludge significantly increases the efficiency of sludge digestion and thermal-alkaline method was the most effective method among the pre-treatment methods examined.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.108-127
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• 1996

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not a education program of low back pain would have benificial effect on nurses. Nonequivalent control group pre-post test research was designed. Subjects for this study were 50 selected from nurses who work at a general hospital in Taegu. Of them, twenty seven were assigned to experimental group, twenty-three to control group. The data were collected during the period from June 27 to August 31, 1994. The instruments used in this study were Visual Analog Scale for low back pain, Sit-and-reach test for trunk flexibility, and 1 min sit up test for abdominal muscle endurance. Data related to general chracteristics and factors of low back pain were collected with questionnaire developed by this reseacher. The data were analyzed by $X^2-test$, t-test and paired t-test, using the SAS package program. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The numbers of the experimental group with low back pain were not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting($X^2=0.77$, p=.379), and the numbers of the control group with low back pain were also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting($X^2=0.09$, p=.767). 2. The severity of low back pain of the experimental group was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.55, p=.5857), and the severity of low back pain of the control group was also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.70, p=.3101). 3. The trunk flexibility of the experimental group was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t= 1.08, p=.2835), and the control group's trunk flexibility was also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=0.85, p=.4026). 4. The abdominal muscle endurance of the experimental group was a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-2.42, p=.0190), but the control group's abdominal muscle endurance was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.06, p=.9556) This study suggest that replication of study with more sample and more rigid treatment should be needed. And furthermore, the longitudinal research is needed to determine the effectiveness of education program.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2018

Background: The structure and function of bone tissue is maintained through a constant remodeling process, which is maintained by the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The failure of bone remodeling can lead to pathological conditions of bone structure and function. Remifentanil is currently used as a narcotic analgesic agent in general anesthesia and sedation. However, the effect of remifentanil on osteoclasts has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the effect of remifentanil on pre-osteoclast (pre-OCs) differentiation and the mechanism of osteoclast differentiation in the absence of specific stimulus. Methods: Pre-OCs were obtained by culturing bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in osteoclastogenic medium for 2 days and then treated with various concentration of remifentanil. The mRNA expression of NFATc1 and c-fos was examined by using real-time PCR. We also examined the effect of remifentanil on the osteoclast-specific genes TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and DC-STAMP. Finally, we examined the influence of remifentanil on the migration of pre-OCs by using the Boyden chamber assay. Results: Remifentanil increased pre-OC differentiation and osteoclast size, but did not affect the mRNA expression of NFATc1 and c-fos or significantly affect the expression of TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and DC-STAMP. However, remifentanil increased the migration of pre-OCs. Conclusions: This study suggested that remifentanil promotes the differentiation of pre-OCs and induces maturation, such as increasing osteoclast size. In addition, the increase in osteoclast size was mediated by the enhancement of pre-OC migration and cell fusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate earth science pre-service teachers' perceptions and educational utilization of geoparks. It is intended to provide implications of geopark education in the current curriculum and effective geopark education. Education using geoparks has the effect of helping students cultivate inquiry and learning skills, enhancing students' participation in classes. To provide education with these results, it is necessary to deliver meanings of the geopark education to of earth science pre-service teachers who will educate future generations. However, despite the advantages and needs of geopark education, earth science pre-service teachers lack an understanding of geoparks. In this study, 56 pre-service teachers enrolled in earth science education at a university in Gyeongsangbuk-do were investigated for: their perception levels of geoparks, experience, necessity, and learning method of geopark education. As a result, earth science pre-service teachers were well aware of the geoparks, but they lacked knowledge of domestic and global geoparks, confirming the need for geopark education. Currently, the degree of geopark education in the secondary curriculum is insufficient, and earth science pre-service teachers feel the need for it. However, since the understanding of geopark is lacking, support for geopark education is needed. Earth science pre-service teachers being positive about the need for geopark education, it is expected that geopark education will be active in the field of earth science, social, and comparison education when they become teachers in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.656-661
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• 2011

The performance of a domestic ceramic membrane with pore size of $0.1{\mu}m$ was evaluated to produce drinking water. A pilot-scale ceramic membrane filtration plant with a capacity of $1m^3/d$ was operated at the filtration flux of $3.0m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ to investigate the effect of both backwash interval and pre-ozonation on TMP (trans-membrane pressure) increasing rate. The TMP increased with increasing the backwash interval. However, the application of pre-ozonation reduced the TMP increasing rate remarkably. When 1 mg/L of ozone was dosed with contact time of 5 min, TMP increasing rate at the backwash interval of 1 hr was reduced by 30%. This result indicated that pre-ozonation was very effective in reducing membrane fouling. There was almost no change in TMP increasing rate when the ozone contact time was maintained in the range of 5 to 15 min. Increasing ozone concentration up to 3 mg/L showed beneficial effect on TMP increasing rate.

• School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.235-249
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the error patterns and sentence types in word problems with respect to 1$\frac{3}{4}$$\div$$\frac{1}{2}$ which were made by the pre-service elementary teachers, and to suggest the clues to the education in pre-service. Korean elementary teachers in pre-service misunderstood 'divide with $\frac{1}{2}$' to 'divide to 2' by the Korean linguistic structure. And they showed a new error type of 1$\frac{3}{4}$$\times$2 by the result of calculation. Although they are familiar to 'inclusive algorithm' they are not good at dealing with the fractional divisor. And they are very poor at the 'decision the unit proportion' and the 'inverse of multiplication'. So, it is necessary to teach the meaning of the fractional division as 'decision the unit proportion' and 'inverse of multiplication' and to give several examples with respect to the actual situation and context.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.738-744
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• 2018

Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai is a native Korean plant that grows only on Mt. Halla of Jeju Island. Its leaf is used for a popular bamboo tea due to its various health-promoting properties, and it has been increasingly used as food and cosmetic ingredients. To utilize the S. quelpaertensis leaf efficiently, the preparation method for phytochemical-rich extract (PRE) using the leaf's residue was previously reported, which was produced after hot water extraction. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of PRE and its solvent fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction of PRE (EPRE) showed higher DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities, and it effectively inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EPRE also induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by increasing the level of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in a nuclear fraction. The inhibiting effect of EPRE on LPS-induced NO production was partially reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin, ZPP), suggesting that HO-1 is involved in suppressing NO production. Taken together, the results suggest that EPRE has potential as a promising anti- oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

In order to study the effect of mordanting on silk fabrics treated with tannin, those fabrics were treated with Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Sn by pre and post mordanting. It was studied about color change, weighting effect, dgree of photodegradation by pre and post mordanting. The results are as fallows ; 1. On the addition of mordants into mimosa and tannic acid solution, &{\lambda}_{max}& of the former was slightly blue-shifted, on the other hand, &{\lambda}_{max}& of the latter was obviously Red-shifted. 2. In case of Cu, Cr, Pre mordanting, weighting effect were appeared. Weighting effect of silk fabrics treated with Tannic acid increased higher than mimosa by mordanting. 3. In color change, Silk fabrics treated with Mimosa and Tannic acid generally changed to red direction and fabrics treated with tannic acid changed to yellow direction by pre and post mordanting. 4. In the photodegradation, the degree of photodegradation on mordanted fabrics increased. Its degree was slack in Cu, Cr, Post mordanting. On the other hand, Al, Fe, Sn were greate. Silk fabrics treated with Mimosa and Tannic acid got inhibiting effect on photodegradation.