• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare what meanings of earth science pre-service teachers and primary pre-service teachers about science books and reading through science disciplinary reading and how their thoughts on science education are reflected in the science disciplinary reading process. For the study, 24 third-year students majoring in earth science education and 25 second-year students majoring in primary education were selected as subjects for the study at a teacher training college located in the central part of Korea. As a result of the study, first, earth science pre-service teachers used disciplinary reading a lot to acquire knowledge of science content, but primary pre-service teachers used it for the purpose of using it in class, scientific interest, and curiosity solution. Second, earth science pre-service teachers and primary pre-service teachers showed differences in their thinking in using science related books for science education. While earth science pre-service teachers rarely described the use of science books in their classes, primary pre-service teachers actively described science classes. Third, from the perspective of science disciplinary reading, primary pre-service teachers were more actively emphasizing the meaning of disciplinary reading compared to earth science pre-service teachers. In light of the research results that the reading activity in science has a lot of effect, it is thought that a wide range of research on science disciplinary reading should be conducted as a teaching strategy in school field classes.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.122-130
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• 2017

In the direct digital textile printing process, the pre-treatment process is an essential condition for products by forming a clear pattern by sticking and penetration of DTP dye without spreading on the fabric. Recently, pre-treatment agent is changing from high viscosity to low viscosity in order to reduce defects of fabric during pre-treatment process. In this study, pre-treatment agent of acrylic polymer with low viscosity(less than 50cps) was prepared according to the solid content of the polymer, pre-treated on the cotton fabric, and direct DTP printing was performed to compare the color and sharpness. As a result, it showed high color at a viscosity of 50cps or less. When the solid content of the polyacrylic acid having a high molecular weight(A1) was 2.5wt%, when the solid content of the polyacrylic acid having a low molecular weight(A2) was 1 - 1.5wt%, the color was the best. And when the solid content of A1 and A2 was 1.5wt%, the degree of spreading was small and A1 was superior to A2 at the sharpness.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.57-64
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• 2009

Based on this article, I have analyzed the OFDM system which applies three types of equalizer forms in the two-path channel of the microwave baseband. The Two-path channel of microwave baseband had been simulated through the Rummler channel. In the Two-path channel, the OFDM system which has three forms of equalizer has been analyzed and the result is, equalizer 1-tab has great improvement in efficiency compared with Pre-FFT 11-tab which has noise power ratio less than 18dB. On the contrary, if the symbol energy to the noise ratio is more than 18dB, the equalizer which applies Pre-FFT 11-tab has greater efficiency compared to the equalizer which applies 1-tab frequency. Last but not least, the OFDM system which applies Dual equalizer has better efficiency compared to the system which has 1-tab frequency and equalizer which applies Pre-FFT 11-tab.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the residual characteristics of insecticides used for Oriental Tobacco Budworm control and to establish the recommended pre-harvest residue limit leading to contribution in safety of paprika production. METHODS AND RESULTS: The recommended Pre-Harvest Residue Limits (PHRLs) of insecticides during cultivation of paprika were calculated from residue analyses of insecticides in fruits 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days after treatment. Paprika samples were extracted with QuEChERS method and cleaned-up with amino propyl SPE cartridge and PSA, and insecticide residues were analyzed either by HPLC/DAD or GLC/ECD. The limits of detection were 0.01 mg/kg for 5 insecticides. Average recoveries were $81.3{\pm}1.62%$-$98.3{\pm}1.58%$ of 5 insecticides at fortification levels of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg. The biological half-lives of the insecticides were 8.5 days for bifenthrin, 11.8 days for chlorantraniliprole, 16.8 days for chlorfenapyr, 7.1 days for lamda-cyhalothrin and 31.3 days for methoxyfenozide at recommended dosage, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The pre-harvest residue limits for 10 days before harvest were recommended 1.05 mg/kg, 1.41 mg/kg, 0.93 mg/kg, 2.06 mg/kg and 1.08 mg/kg as bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, lamda-cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide, respectively. This study can provide good practical measures to produce safe paprika fruit by prevention of products from exceeding of MRLs at pre-harvest stage.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Recently, content-based music information retrieval (MIR) systems for mobile devices have attracted great interest. However, music retrieval systems are greatly affected by background noise when music is recorded in noisy environments. Therefore, we evaluated various pre-processing methods using the Philips method to determine the one that performs most robust music retrieval in such environments. We found that dynamic noise reduction (DNR) is the best pre-processing method for a music retrieval system in noisy environments.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.38 no.1_2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2020

We introduce the concepts of fuzzy join-complete lattices and Alexandrov L-pre-topologies in complete residuated lattices. We investigate the properties of fuzzy join-complete lattices on Alexandrov L-pre-topologies and fuzzy meet-complete lattices on Alexandrov L-pre-cotopologies. Moreover, we give their examples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.365-378
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• 2020

Purpose This study was performed to determine whether the T1 relaxation time of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging is useful for detecting and staging liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods One hundred and three patients with suspected focal liver lesion underwent MR imaging and Fibroscan. Fibroscan was chosen as the reference standard for classifying liver fibrosis. T1 relaxation times were acquired before (preT1), 20 minutes after (postT1) contrast administration, and reduction rate of T1 relaxation time (rrT1) on transverse 3D VIBE (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination) sequence using 3T MR imaging. The optimal cut-off values for the fibrosis staging were determined with ROC analysis. Results PreT1 and postT1 increased and rrT1 decreased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR score (F0-F4). There were statistically significant differences between F2 and F3 in preT1 (F2, 836.0 ± 74.7 ms; F3, 888.6 ± 77.5 ms, p < 0.05) and between F3 and F4 in postT1 (F3, 309.0 ± 80.2 ms; F4, 406.6 ± 147.7 ms, p < 0.05) and rrT1 (F3, 65.4 ± 7.7%; F4, 57.3 ± 11.4%, p < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that combination test (preT1 + postT1) was the best test for predicting liver fibrosis. Conclusion PreT1 and postT1 increased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis. T1 mapping in gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging could be a helpful complementary sequence to determine the liver fibrosis stage.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aroma-inhalation on depression, sleep, mood, and smell in stroke patients and their caregivers. Method: This study employed one group pretest-posttest repeated design. Data were collected at three time points: baseline(pre-test), 10 days and 20 days after the intervention(Post-test1 and post-test2, respectively). The sample included a total of 23 subjects. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program using repeated measure ANOVA. Results: Depression was not statistically significant difference among pre-test, post-test1 and post-test2. Sleep was improved after intervention $37.61{\pm}7.41$(pre-test), $41.22{\pm}8.26$ (post-test1), $44.33{\pm}7.67$(post-test2) (F=8.182. p=.001) Mood was significantly improved after intervention: $16.95{\pm}4.89$(pre-test), $14.89{\pm}6.31$(post-test1), $12.11{\pm}5.04$(post-test2). Smell including smell perception, discomfort due to smell and relation between age and smell was significantly improved after intervention: $2.63{\pm}1.20$ (pre-test). $2.00{\pm}1.16$(post-test1), $1.63{\pm}.96$(post-test2) (F=6.176. p=.006) in smell perception, $2.50{\pm}1.10$ (pre-test). $1.81{\pm}.91$(post-test1), $1.19{\pm}.40$(post-test2) (F=12.26. p=.000) in discomfort due to smell and $3.53{\pm}1.18$(pre-test). $2.59{\pm}1.46$(post-test1), $2.53{\pm}1.33$(post-test2) (F=4.148, p=.025) in relation between age and smell. Conclusion: The results suggest that aroma-inhalation may have an effect on sleep, mood and smell and can be effective nursing intervention to increase the relaxation in stroke patients and their caregivers.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

Recently, there has been a growing focus on the concerns pre-service teachers have as they move through different stages of their teacher preparation programs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate pre-service secondary music teachers' concerns about music teaching and learning. The specific research questions were as follows: (a) What concerns are most common among participants? (b) What are differences in the concerns of pre-service secondary music teachers based on their stage of teacher preparation? (c) What are differences in the concerns of pre-service secondary music teachers based on their previous teaching experiences? A survey was distributed to pre-service secondary music teachers in a university in Seoul, and responses from a total of 93 participants were included in the final analysis. Data analysis indicated that pre-service music teachers experienced more concerns related to teaching tasks and student impact than themselves. Also, as participants progressed through their teacher preparation programs, self concerns decreased while task concerns and student impact concerns increased. Pre-service secondary music teachers who had previously taught in a school had fewer concerns than participants with no teaching experience. Suggestions for how teacher preparation programs can address the concerns of pre-service secondary music teachers are offered.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.93-107
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to make out teaching-learning method for developing mathematical abilities of the 1st grade children in elementary school by investigating cognitive effects which mathematical pre-experiences given intentionally by teachers have on children's learning mathematics. The research questions for this purpose are as follows: In learning effects through mathematical pre-experiences given intentionally by teachers. 1) is there any differences between children with pre-experiences and children without them in Mathematics Achievement Test\ulcorner 2) is there any differences between children with pre-experiences and children without them in Transfer Test for learning effects\ulcorner For this study, a class with 41 children in H elementary school located in a Myon near Chong-ju was selected as an experimental group and a class with 43 children in G elementary school in the same Myon was selected as a control group. Nonequivalent Control Group Design of Quasi-Experimental Design was applied to this study. To give pre-experiences to the children in experimental group, their classroom was equipped with materials for pre-experiences, so children could always observe the materials and play with them. The materials were a round-clock on the wall, two pairs of scales, fifty dice, some small pebbles, two pairs of weight scales, two rulers on the wall, and various cards for playing games. Pre-experiences were given to the children repeatedly through games and observations during free time in the morning (00:20-09:00) and intervals between periods. There was a pretest for homogeneity of mathematics achievement between the two groups and were Mathematics Achievement Test (30 items) and Transfer Test (25 items) for learning effects as post-tests. The data were collected from the pretest on April 8 (control group), on April 11 (experimental group) and from the Mathematics Achievement Test and Transfer Test on July 15 (experimental group) and on July 16 (control group). T-test was used to analyze if there were any differences in the results of the test. The results of the analysis were as follows: (1) As the result of pretest, there was not a significance difference between the experimental group (M=17.10. SD=7.465) and the control group (M=16.31, SD=6.974) at p<.05 (p=0.632). (2) For the question 1. in the Mathematics Achievement Test, there was a significant difference between the experimental group (M=26.08, SD=4.827) and the control group (M=22.28. SD=5.913) at p<.01 (p=.003). (3) For the question 2. in the Transfer Test for learning effects. there was a significant difference between the experimental group (M=16.41, SD=5.800) and the control group (M=11.84, SD=4.815) at p<001, (p=.000). From the results of the analyses obtained in this study. the following conclusions can be drawn: First, mathematical pre-experiences given by teachers are effective in increasing mathematical achievement and transfer in learning mathematics. Second, games. observations, and experiments given intentionally by teachers can make children's mathematical experiences rich and various, and are effective in adjusting individual differences for the mathematical experiences obtained before they entered elementary schools. Third, it is necessary for teachers to give mathematical pre-experiences with close attention in order to stimulate children's mathematical interests and intellectual curiosity.