• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.293-296
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• 2009

Objective : Pain has long been regarded as a subjective symptom. Recently, however, some regard a type of intractable chronic pain as a disease. Furthermore, chronic persistent pain becomes a cause of permanent impairment (PI) In 6th edition, the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides has rated the pain as a PI. In Korea, pain has been already been rated as a PI. Here, we examined the present status and the prospect of disability evaluation for the pain in Korea. Methods : Pain can be rated as a PI by the Workmen's Compensation Insurance Act (WCIA) and Patriots and Veterans Welfare Corporation Act (PVWCA) in Korea. We examined the definition, diagnostic criteria and grades of the pain related disability (PRD) in these two acts. We also examined legal judgments, which were made in 2005 for patients with severe pain. We also compared the acts and the judgments to the criteria of the 6th AMA Guides. Results : The PRD can berated as one of the 4 grades according to the WCIA. The provisions of the law do not limit the pain only for the complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The PRD can berated as one of the 3 grades by the PVWCA. If there were objective signs such as osteoporosis, joint contracture and muscle atrophy corresponding to the CRPS, the grade is rated as 6. When the pain always interferes with one's job except easy work,the grade is rated as high as 5. In Korea, judicial precedents dealt the pain a sa permanent disability in 2005. Conclusion : Although there were no objective criteria for evaluation of the PRD, pain has been already rated as a PI by the laws or judicial precedents, in Korea. Thus, we should regulate the Korean criteria of PRD like the AMA 6th edition. We also should develop the objective tools for evaluation of the PRD near in future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.286-287
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• 2010

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.8-10
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• 2002

POPs in sediments and soil in the PRD are comparable to or much higher than those reported in other regions. Some sites may be classified as POPs- polluted with high ecological risks. Large-scale land transform in the process of regional urbanization may facilitate the transfer of POPs in the soil to the sedimentary system by enhancing the soil run-off. Urban atmospheric PCBs in PRD are found to be less than some of the North American or European urbans, but PAHs are significantly higher. The center of the PRD has been the major source area of PAHs and organochlorine pesticides in the PRD. The northern part of the PRD serves as a regional sink for the air particulates and affiliated POPs.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1760-1769
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• 2007

The cut slope sliding which has been frequently encountered in Pohang area has been reported due to the rapid reduction of shear strength in mudstone after being exposed to the air. Mudstone has characteristics that it has high enough strength and stiffness in a dry condition, but the strength and stiffness decrease in a wet condition with groundwater infiltration. The case study in this paper shows that mudstone which had enough strength in a boring stage has lost the strength after installing PRD steel pipe pile inducing an insufficient bearing capacity, which has been ascertained by the static load test. Test construction has been performed to investigate the most favorable method for increasing a pile bearing capacity in mudstone with various methods such as MSG (Micro Silica Grouting) around the tip and side of a pile, the perimeter grouting combined with Micro pile reinforcement, and concrete filling after tip reinforcing grouting. From the test construction, MSG has been turned out to be the most favorable method for increasing a pile bearing capacity in mudstone, which has been confirmed by the static load test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.199-202
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• 2014

In recent years the downtown, Top-down method has been applied in a major method to solve the complaints due to noise, vibration, dust and safety issues such as cracking due to settlement when the excavation close to the building. Until it is installed underground permanent foundation, the Pre-founded Column is a pile foundation as well as a column to bear the upper construction load. The Pre-founded Column is constructed by PRD method generally. The EnP(Enlarging Pile) method can be expanded locally boring diameter of the embedment zone as compared to the PRD method existing general. Since the bearing capacity is increased by the boring diameter is expanded, the embedment length is reduced, the construction cost is reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.4-7
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• 2013

In recent downtown high land due to an increase in the utilization of land from the property line to maximize the proximity of the construction and use of underground structures has increased. The nature of urban underground retaining structure construction safety, environmental management, and civil contrast situations, construction periodt perspective, this method is widely used in the backhand. Recent Patents DP method and the method of the DBS method than in the SPS process is deleted according to the PRD process cost savings are generated. The workability and safety study of two kinds of method, such as air speed, and considering the reduction of indirect costs in terms of economic efficiency is considered to be a superior method.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2014

The KMA has cooperated with the Oklahoma University in USA to develop a Polarimetric Radar Data (PRD) simulator to improve the microphysical processes in Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS), which is critical for the utilization of PRD into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) field. The simulator is like a tool to convert NWP data into PRD, so it enables us to compare NWP data with PRD directly. The simulator can simulate polarimetric radar variables such as reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity ($Z_{DR}$), specific differential phase ($K_{DP}$), and cross-correlation coefficient (${\rho}_{hv}$) with input of the Drop Size Distribution (DSD) and scattering calculation of the hydrometeors. However, the simulator is being developed based on the foreign observation data, therefore the PRD simulator development reflecting rainfall characteristics of Korea is needed. This study analyzed a potential application of the 2-Dimension Video Disdrometer (2DVD) data by calculating the raindrop axis ratio according to the rain-types to reflect Korea's rainfall characteristics into scattering module in the simulator. The 2DVD instrument measures the precipitation DSD including the fall velocity and the shape of individual raindrops. We calculated raindrop axis ratio for stratiform, convective and mixed rainfall cases after checking the accuracy of 2DVD data, which usually represent the scattering characteristics of precipitation. The raindrop axis ratio obtained from 2DVD data are compared with those from foreign database in the simulator. The calculated the dual-polarimetric radar variables from the simulator using the obtained raindrop axis ratio are also compared with in situ dual-polarimetric observation data at Bislsan (BSL). 2DVD observation data show high accuracies in the range of 0.7~4.8% compared with in situ rain gauge data which represents 2DVD data are sufficient for the use to simulator. There are small differences of axis ratio in the diameter below 1~2 mm and above 4~5 mm, which are more obvious for bigger raindrops especially for a strong convective rainfall case. These differences of raindrop axis ratio between domestic and foreign rainfall data base suggest that the potential use of disdrometer observation can develop of a PRD simulated suitable to the Korea precipitation system.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.6-14
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• 1990

PRDI DNA polymerase is the smallest member of the family B DNA polymerase (Jung et al., 1987). This DNA polyerase is specified by bacteriophage PRDI which infects a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria(Mindich and Bamford, 1988). Because PRDI is highly amenable to genetic and biochemical manipulation, it is a convenient model system with which to study structure-function relationships of DNA polymerase molecules. To determine the functional roles of the highly conserved regions of the family B DNA polymerases, we have initiated site-directed mutagenesis with PRD1 DNA polymerase, and our results show that mutations at the conserved regions within PRD1 DNA polymerase inactivate polymerase complementing activity and catalytic activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.869-887
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• 2008

Coffer dam for tunnel type spillway in inflow section of Dae-am dam was originally planned as 2 lines sheet piles with Water Zet method. But, the result of pilot test was caused of some problems that vibration during installation of pile could pollute water and water leakage could the lower part. So, sheet piles was not satisfactory for faculty of coffer dam. Structural instability of sheet pile system need to reinforcement. Characteristic of Dae-am dam was small reservoir capacity but wide drainage area, of which it was judgment that security of leakage and stability was difficult during excavation of inlet part. So, we consider that water curtain method utilized with in site pouring concrete pile method was designed at weir part of spillway. We were known about basement rock that geological boring was carried out in weir part. After taking a deep consideration, PRD method was accepted as a new method. Concrete pile by PRD was installed to below country rock. CJM method was carried out with PRD. After making concrete wall using Top-down method, earth anchors were installed for supporting it. According to the result of numerical analysis, as water level rises, wall is stable.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.352-358
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• 2012

A sensor network system can be an efficient tool for healthcare telemetry for multiple users due to its power efficiency. One drawback is its limited data size. This paper proposed a real-time application of data compression/decompression method in u-Health monitoring system in order to improve the network efficiency. Our high priority was given to maintain a high quality of signal reconstruction since it is important to receive undistorted waveform. Our method consisted of down sampling coding and differential Huffman coding. Down sampling was applied based on the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem and signal amplitude was taken into account to increase compression rate in the differential Huffman coding. Our method was successfully tested in a ZigBee and WLAN dual network. Electrocardiogram (ECG) had an average compression ratio of 3.99 : 1 with 0.24% percentage root mean square difference (PRD). Photoplethysmogram (PPG) showed an average CR of 37.99 : 1 with 0.16% PRD. Our method produced an outstanding PRD compared to other previous reports.