• 환경위생공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.8-17
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• 1999

This research employed a senescence-accelerated mouse(SAM) to explore the possibility that differences exist among the major antioxidatns, lipid peroxidation in terms of ability to protect such animal treatment PQ, SAM-R/1 and SAM-P/8 were administered with PQ(200ppm/Kg) orally. The toxicity of PQ on SAM was determined as a bioassays of SOD, catalase and lipid peroxidation in the mouse liver. The data show that the SOD activity was induced by paraqwuat terement in both SAM-R/1 and SAM-P/8. The degree of lipid peroxidation was increased with PQ treatment. This means that SOD rather than catalase may protect against oxygen radical toxicity. Finally, over data lead to the toxicity of PQ and its function may efect to the antioxidants including SOD, catalase and lipid peroxidation in both SAM-R/1 and SAM-P/8 .

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.605-613
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• 2014

We have previously shown that paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress causes dramatic damage in various human cell lines. Naringenin (NG) is an active flavanone, which has been reported to have beneficial bioactivities, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumorigenic activities, with a relatively low toxicity to normal cells. In this study, we intended to assess the cytoprotective effect of NG against PQ-induced toxicity in the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line. Co-treatment with NG in PQ-treated BEAS-2B cells can reduce PQ-induced cellular toxicity. NG can also decrease the generation of intracellular ROS caused by PQ treatment. We also observed that treatment with NG in PQ-exposed BEAS-2B cells can significantly induce the expression of antioxidant-related genes, including GPX2, GPX3, GPX5, and GPX7. NG co-treatment can also activate the NRF2 transcription factor and promote its nuclear translocation. In addition, NG co-treatment can induce the expression of NRF2-downstream target genes such as that of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). A small interfering RNA study revealed that the knockdown of NRF2 can abrogate NG-mediated protection of the cells from PQ-induced cellular toxicity. We propose that NG effectively alleviates PQ-induced cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells through the NRF2-regulated antioxidant defense pathway, and NG might be a good therapeutic candidate molecule in oxidative stress-related diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.760-765
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 PQ의 독성으로 유발된 산화적 스트레스에 대한 흑마늘 추출물의 항산화 활성 효과를 검정하여 건강기능식품으로써의 흑마늘 추출물 기능성을 알아보기 위해 흑마늘 추출물의 전자공여능을 측정하였으며 마우스를 이용하여 PQ 투여 전 5일, 투여 후 5일간 흑마늘 추출물을 경구투여한 후, PQ 독성에 의한 체중 변화 관찰과 혈중 간 기능 지표인 AST와 ALT값을 측정 하였다. 또한 간 조직에서 SOD, catalase의 활성과 GSH, MDA 함량 등을 측정하여 비교함으로써 흑마늘 추출물의 황산화 활성 성분이 PQ의 독성에 대한 회복 작용 그리고 지질과산화와의 상호 관련성을 검토하였다. 흑마늘 추출물의 투여는 간조직에서 항산화 효소인 SOD, catalase 활성을 유의적으로 증가 시켰다. 또한, 흑마늘 추출물은 자유라디컬에 의해 생성된 지질과 산화의 최종 산물인 MDA의 함량을 혈액과 간 조직에서 유의적으로 감소 시키는 효과를 보였으며, 산화적 스트레스에 의한 방어 작용을 하는 GSH 농도를 유의적으로 증가 시켰다. 이와 같이 흑마늘 추출물은 항산화 관련 효소의 활성도를 증가시키고 생체 내에서 내인성 항산화 물질의 합성능력을 강화 시킴으로써 산화적 스트레스로 인한 생체 손상에 대한 회복 작용을 향상 시킨다고 결론 내릴 수 있으며, 항산화 건강기능식품으로써의 기능성이 기대된다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2002

The effect of paraquat (PQ, 1,1＇-dimethyl-4,4＇-bipyridium) on the histogene-sis and glycoconjugates (GCs) properties of the pyloric region of the stomach in a perinatal rat was examined by histological and histochemical methods. Oral administration of PQ (9 mg/kg per day in 0.2 mL of D.W.) on 7 to 14 days of gestation revealed growth retardation with significant reductions in the length of pyloric gland and their pit. As for histochemical properties of GCs in the pyloric region of the stomach, the PQ-treated rats showed some differences, such as delayed initial appearance of the sulfated GCs and lectin affinities compared with the vehicle group. These different GCs properties in the surface and gastric pit were usually detected in the fetal rats and more prominent and evident differences were revealed in the gland epithelium of the early postnatal rat. These results suggest that maternal PQ administration causes intrauterine growth retardation asso-ciated with delayed histogenesis and GCs immaturation of pyloric mucosa in developing rat.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.218-226
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• 2011

널리 사용되고 있는 제초제인 파라콰트가 수중이나 토양을 통해 인체에 노출될 가능성이 있음을 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 수중에서 자외선에 의한 파라콰트의 분해 여부를 측정하였고, 토양에 파라콰트 살포 후 인공강우조건을 만들어 파라콰트의 침출 여부를 파악하였다. 또한, 용존산소량에 따라 등급이 다른 세가지 하천수에서 파라콰트의 자외선에 의한 분해양상을 조사하였다. HPLC/UVD를 이용한 토양과 수중에서 파라콰트의 용출 및 분해양상을 살펴본 결과 수중에서 자외선에 의한 파라콰트의 분해는 일어나지 않았고, 토양에서 파라콰트 살포 후, 파라콰트 용출 여부를 한 달간 살펴보았는데 용출은 되지 않았다. 그리고 하천수의 수질에 따른 파라콰트의 자외선에 의한 영향 또한 변화가 없었다. 분석방법에 대한 검출한계는 1.57 ${\mu}g$/L로 검출한계가 낮았다. 그리고 분석의 정밀도 및 정확도를 본 결과 3개의 다른 농도에서 6 % 이내의 정밀도와 약 88 % 이상의 정확도를 갖고 있어서 분석방법이 우수하였다. 토양에 살포된 파라콰트가 강수 등에 의해서 다시 용출될 가능성은 매우 낮다. 그러나 어떠한 경로이던 수계로 들어간 파라콰트는 오랫동안 잔류되어 인체에 노출될 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 실험실에서 진행된 것으로 실제 환경매체를 이용한 실증적인 연구와 이를 통한 역학적 연구가 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2018

Background/Aims: This study tested the hypothesis that prolonged low-dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment after pulse therapy attenuate paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury in rats. Methods: PQ (25 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to induce PQ-intoxicated rat model. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (1 mL/day saline solution for 14 days), PQ group (1 mL/day saline solution for 14 days after PQ exposure), pulse group (15 mg/kg/day CTX in 1 mL of saline solution for 2 days and subsequent 1 mL/day saline solution for 12 days), and prolonged low-dose group (15 mg/kg/day CTX in 1 mL of saline solution for 2 days and subsequent 1.5 mg/kg/day CTX in 1 mL of saline solution for 12 days). A 14-day follow-up was conducted to determine the survival rat, and lung hydroxyproline (HYP), wet-to-dry weight ratios (W/Dc) and histopathological changes were evaluated. Results: Results showed similar survival rate (55% vs. 50%, p > 0.05) between prolonged low-dose and pulse groups. Lung W/Dc ($4.94{\pm}0.38$ vs. $5.47{\pm}0.28$, p < 0.01), HYP ($3.34{\pm}0.29{\mu}g/mg$ vs. $3.65{\pm}0.19{\mu}g/mg$, p < 0.001), and fibrosis score ($2.69{\pm}0.84$ vs. $3.13{\pm}0.63$, p < 0.05) were lower in prolonged low-dose group than those in the pulse group. Conclusions: These findings suggested prolonged low-dose CTX treatment after pulse therapy could attenuate PQ-induced lung injury in rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.182-189
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• 1999

본 연구에서 홍삼의 항산화 효과를 알아보기 위하여 생쥐에 홍삼의 총사포닌 분획, 수용성 추출물, 알코올 추출물, 지용성 분획과 ascorbic acid를 투여(200mg/kg/0.1ml)한 후 paraquat(PQ) 100mg/kg을 복강투여 하였을 때 활성산소 라디칼의 생성을 촉진시킨 후 간에서 $H_2O_2$ 함량, SOD, catalase, GP의 량을 측정한 결과 총사포닌 투여군을 제외한 홍삼추출물 투여 후 PQ투여군 치가 PQ 단독 처리군에 비하여 $H_2O_2$ 생성량이 유의성(p<0.01) 있게 감소 억제되었다. 한편 항산화효소의 활성은 PQ단독 처리군에 비하여 SOD는 홍삼추출물 투여 모든 군에서 유의성있는 증가를 하였고, catalase는 수용성 추출물과 지용성 분획 투여군에서 증가하였으며, CP는 지용성 분획에서 유의성(p<0.01)있는 증가를 보였다. 그리고 지질과산화에서 PQ처리는 지질과산화 경향 MDA량이 증가되는 것을 볼 수 있었고, 홍삼추출물 투여는 PQ단독 처리군에 비하여 지질과산화 경향에서 MDA량은 억제되는 경향을 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

To conduct a kinetic study of paraquat (PQ), we investigated 9 patients with acute PQ intoxication. All of them ingested more than 20 ml of undiluted PQ herbicide to commit suicide and arrived at our hospital early, not later than 7 h after PQ ingestion. The urine dithionite test for PQ in all of the nine patients was strongly positive at emergency room. Blood samples were obtained every 30 min for the first 2~3 h and then every 1 or 2 h, as long as the clinical progression was stable among the patients for 30 h after PQ ingestion. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve ($AUC_{inf}$), which was extrapolated to infinity, was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Toxicokinetic parameters, such as the terminal elimination half-life, apparent oral clearance, and apparent volume of distribution ($V_d/F$) were calculated. The maximum PQ concentration ($C_{max}$) and the time to reach maximum PQ concentration ($T_{max}$) were also obtained. Plasma PQ concentrations in nine patients were well described by a bi-exponential curve with a mean terminal elimination half-life of $13.1{\pm}6.8h$. $C_{max}$ and $AUC_{inf}$ were $20.8{\pm}25.7mg/l$ and $172.5{\pm}160.3h{\cdot}mg/l$, respectively. Apparent volume of distribution and apparent oral clearance were $50.9{\pm}61.3l/kg$ and $173.4{\pm}111.2l/h$, respectively. There were a significant correlation (r=0.84; p<0.05) between the PQ amount ingested and $C_{max}$. $AUC_{inf}$ also showed a significant correlation (r=0.83; p<0.05) with the PQ amount ingested. These correlations provide evidence that PQ has dose-linear toxicokinetic characteristics.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.18-26
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• 1999

This paper aims to determine the effect of CBW on the liver of mice treated with PQ (paraquat) examined by light and transmission electron microscope. Under light microscopic observations, the 2 days control showed mild congestion and necrosis of liver while those were manifest in the 7 days control. When electron microscopy was used, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated or destructed in the 2 days control and 7 days control, respectively. Under light microscopic observations, the 2 days experimental group did not show any hepatic damages while accumulation of glycogen granules in the cytoplasm was conspicuous in the 7 days experimental group. When electron microscopy was used, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were less dilated in the 2 days experirrlental group. On the other hand, denaturation of cell organelles was not observed in the 7 days experimental group. These results suggest that CBW seems related with recovery from the PQ cytotoxity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2016

Makgeolli lees (ML) has several physiological effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties, but its biological functions have not been determined definitively. Here, we tested whether ML has a cytoprotective effect on paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in the human lung carcinoma cell line A549. At 0.1 mg/ml ML, viability of PQ-exposed A549 cells was restored by 12.4%, 18.5%, and 48.6% after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. ML also reduced production of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that were generated by PQ treatment. Further experiments revealed that ML treatment enhanced the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) as well as ARE-GFP reporter activity. ML treatment also effectively increased the expression of NRF2's target genes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Moreover, we found that expression of cytoprotective genes, including glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT), peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3), and peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4), was greatly enhanced by treatment with ML during PQ exposure. Taken together, the data suggest that treatment of PQ-exposed A549 cells with ML ameliorates cytotoxicity through induction of NRF2 expression and its target genes HO-1, NQO1, and other antioxidant genes. Thus, ML may serve as a functional food applicable to ROS-mediated human diseases.