• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.124-134
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• 2005

To investigate the exposure effect of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we measured airborne total PAHs as an external dose, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an internal dose of PAHs exposure, and analyzed the relationship between urinary 1-OHP concentration and PAHs exposure. The study population contained 44 workers in steel-pipe coating and paint manufacture industries. The airborne PAHs was obtained during survey day, and urine were sampled at the end of shift. Personal information on age, body weight, height, eniployment duration, smoking habit, and alcohol consumption was obtained by a structured questionnaire. Airborne PAHs were analyzed by the gas chromatograph with mass selective detector. Urinary 1-OHP levels were analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatograph with ultraviolet wavelength detector. For statistical estimation, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, arid regression analysis were executed by SPSS/PC (Windows version 10). The mean of environmental total PAHs was $87.8{\pm}7.81{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration ($526.5{\pm}2.85{\mu}g/m^3$) of workers in steel-pipe coating industries using coal tar enamel was the higher than that ($17.5{\pm}3.36{\mu}g/m^3$) of workers in paint manufacture industries using coal tar paint. The mean of urinary 1-OHP concentration ($51.63{\pm}3.144{\mu}\;mol/mol$ creatinine) of workers in steel-pipe coating industries was the higher than that ($2.33{\pm}4.709{\mu}\;mol/mol$ creatinine) of workers in paint manufacture industries. The mean of urinary 1-OHP concentration of smokers was the higher than that of non-smokers. There was significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP and the environmental concentration of PAHs (r=O.S48, p<0.001), pyrene(r=0.859, p<0.001), and urinary cotinine (r=0.324, p<0.05). The regression equation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP in ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine($C_{1-OHP}$) and airborne concentration of PAHs (or pyrene) in ${\mu}g/m^3$ ($C_{PAHs}$ or Cpyrene) is: Log ($C_{1-OHP}$)=-0.650+0.889×Log($C_{PAHs}$), where $R^2=0.694$ and n=38 for p<0.001.Log ($C_{1-OHP}$)=1.087+0.707${\times}$Log(Cpyrene), where $R^2=0.713$ and n=38 for p<0.001. From the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis about 1-OHP, significant independents were total PAHs and urinary cotinine (adjusted $R^2=0.743$, p<0.001). In this study, there were significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP and the airborne concentration of PAHs. The urinary 1-OHP was effective index as a biomarker of airborne PAHs in workplace. But it was influenced by non-occupational PAHs source, smoking.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2003

선형가속기(Mitsubishi, ML15MDX)를 이용한 방사선수술시스템인 Photon Knife에서 Linac-gram을 통해 선속-표적 위치를 확인하여 신뢰성 있는 시술을 유지하도록 하였다. 선속-레이저광 교정 기구를 제작하여 레이저광의 입사점과 사출점을 조사하여 빔의 위치결정에 이용하였다. 선형가속기에 부착한 보조 콜리메이터의 고정을 확인하기 위해 Isocenter에서 5 cm 떨어진 위치에 팔각형 필름지지체를 두도록 제작하고 확인용 필름(Kodak X-omat V2)을 설치하였다. 필름에 선형가속기의 지지체를 45$^{\circ}$씩 회전조사 하여 필름에 나타난 거리로 보조 콜리메이터의 이동을 확인한 결과 실험 오차내에서 이동이 없음을 확인하였다. 임상에 이용한 체위 표시기는 10 mm 쇠구슬 제도와 납인형을 두어 PKRS 시술시 환부의 체위를 쉽게 확인할 수 있도록 고안제작되었다. 앙와위 및 우측 측와위로 조사한 방사선수술에서 표적 위치기에 있는 양측 쇠구슬과 콜리메이터 조사면과의 일치를 LINAC-gram에서 확인한 결과 CT 영상의 표적좌표와 비교해서 평균 0.8$\pm$0.26 mm 의 오차범위에서 시술하였음을 보이므로 방사선조사의 정확성을 알 수 있다. 선형가속기의 Couch 에 임의의 힘을 가했을 때 위치변동은 좌우 $\pm$5 mm, Couch 축방향으로 $\pm$1 mm, 상하로 $\pm$2 mm 이동할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 Photon knife 방사선 수술 시스템은 방사선수술 전 환부의 표적과 선속의 일치를 LINAC-gram을 통해 확인할 수 있어 시술의 신뢰도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.74-83
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• 1997

Effect of welding parameters such as current, speed and electrode pressure on the weld quality of tin coated steels for small containers was discussed in this paper. Welding was performed with low frequency wire seam welding system which was loaded with 1.5mm in diameter copper wire electrode. The welding parameters were monitored at the position close to the welding spot so as to minimize the instrumentation error, and the signals were stored into a digital data acquisition system before analysis. Results showed that critical current for sufficient nugget size increased as the base material thickness increased, while the width of the optimum welding range was reduced. The acceptable welding condition derived from this study was found to be effective within the thickness range of $\pm$10% of the nominal (0.25mm) thickness. Tin coating layer was proved not to affect seriously on the weld quality, i.e. strength and formability, since consumable wire electrode was used in this process. Test results also demonstrated that the welding current was thought to be the most effective parameter to form an acceptable weld, while welding speed or electrode pressure exerted less effect on the nugget formation. However, these two parameters played an important role because the former was related to the nugget overlap interval, and the latter, to the formation of expulsion during welding.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to examine the lung injury and inflammation caused by manual metal arc stainless steel(MMA-SS) welding fume inhalation and to evaluate the recovery process. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to MMA-SS welding fumes for 2 h per day in a whole-body exposure chamber, with a total suspended particulate(TSP) concentration of $51.4{\pm}2.8mg/m^3$(low dose) or $84.6{\pm}2.9mg/m^3$(high dose) for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days of exposure as well as after a 30-day recovery period. To assess the inflammatory or injury responses, cellular and biochemical parameters as well as cytokines were assayed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF). MMA-SS welding fume exposure led to a significant elevation in the number of alveolar macrophages(AM) and polymorphonuclear cells(PMN). Additionary, the values of $\beta$-n-acetyl glucosaminidase($\beta$-NAG) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in the BALF were increased in the exposed group when compared to controls. After 30 days of recovery from exposure, a significant reduction in inflammatory parameters of BALF was observed between the exposed and recovered groups. Slight, but significant elevations were noted in the number of AM and PMN in the recovered groups, and AM that had been ingested fume particles still remain in the lungs. In conclusion, these results indicated that welding fumes induced inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity in the lungs of exposed rats. Fume particles were not fully cleared from lungs even after a 30-day recovery period.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.113-131
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations among workers' general characteristics, work-related behaviors and health related behaviors in a steel industry with 1,134 workers in Pohang. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of workers was 50 years old and working duration was 15 years and over. Most of them were married(94.5%) and had studied beyond high school (53.0%). They performed three shift work and most of them(63.0%) had experienced industial accidents. The frequency of noise and dust exposure was defined by a minimum of 6 hours per day, and workers complained about noise exposure(62.9%) and dust(55.6%). There were current smokers(67.7%), current drinkers(74.3%) and current exercising workers(32.3%) in the industry. The number of cigarette consumption in current drinkers was significantly high $(13.6{\pm}8.4\;pieces/day)$ and the alcohol consumption in current smokers was significantly high$(104.5{\pm}113.5\;g/wk)$. And the number of cigarette consumption of exercisers was significantly low and the alcohol consumption of exercisers was higher than non-exercisers. 3. The ratio of current smokers on frequent noise in exposed workers versus non-exposed workers was not significantly high but the current drinkers in frequent noise and dust exposed workers was significantly higher than non-exposed. 4. The normal levels of SGOT workers in non-smokers were significantly higher than in current smokers, and the normal levels of LFT (SGOT, SGPT, $\gamma-GTP$ workers in nondrinkers were significantly high. The normal levels of SBP and DBP workers in current smokers were not significantly high but were significantly high in non-drinkers. 5. The ratio of current smokers in voters unsatisfied with their job and working condition was higher than non-smokers, but the ratio of current drinkers in workers satisfied with their job and working condition were higher. 6. The significant factors for SGOT and $\gamma-GTP$ were age, the drinking amount and BMI. But the only significant factor for r-GTP was BMI. The significant factors for DBP were age, the alcohol consumption and BMI. And the significant factors for SBP were age, BMI.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2010

현재 살균소독제의 국가 공인시험법은 시험관 내에서 행하는 현탁액시험법으로 실제 현장의 표면 살균을 정확히 평가하기에는 무리가 있다. 본 연구는 국제적으로 표준화되어 있는 3가지 정량적 표면시험법간의 유효성 평가력 비교를 목적으로 E. coli와 S. aureus를 대상으로 시중 유통되는 대표적 5개 계열 살균소독제의 유효성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 E. coli와 S. aureus에 대한 각 방법별 살균소독력은 ASTM(1)법에서 5.18 $\pm$ 0.03, 5.27 $\pm$ 0.04 log cfu/carrier, ASTM (2)법에서 4.63 $\pm$ 0.04, 3.97 $\pm$ 0.03 log cfu/carrier, CEN EN 13697법의 청정조건(CEN(1))에서 6.14 $\pm$ 0.05, 5.31 $\pm$ 0.10 log cfu/carrier, 오염조건(CEN(2))에서 4.37 $\pm$ 0.02, 4.06 $\pm$ 0.01 log cfu/carrier로 나타났다. CEN(1)시험법이 ASTM(2)와 CEN(2) 시험법에 비해 살균소독력이 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다. 적용된 3개의 시험법 중 유리를 담체로 사용한 ASTM(1)법에 비해 스테인리스 스틸을 사용한 ASTM(2)와 CEN법 적용 시 살균소독효과가 낮게 평가되었다. 결론적으로 3 가지 국가 공인시험법간 유효성 평가결과가 달랐으며, 실제 식품제조 현장에서 사용되는 표면에서의 살균소독력을 정확히 평가하기 어렵다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2010

It has been widely reported that carbide-free bainitic steels or super-bainite TRIP (SB-TRIP) steels for the automotive industry are a new family of steels offering a unique combination of high strength and ductility. Hence, it is important to exactly evaluate the volume fraction of RA and to identify the 3-D morphology of constituent phases, because it plays a crucial role in mechanical properties. Recently, as electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) equipped with focused ion beam (FIB) has been developed, 3-D EBSD technique for materials science are used to these steels. Moreover, newly developed atom probe tomography (APT) technique can provide the exact distribution and chemical concentration of alloying elements in a sub-nm scale. The APT analysis results indicate exactly the distribution and composition of alloying elements in the austenite and bainite phases of SB-TRIP steels with the atomic-scale resolution. And thus, no partitioning of aluminum and manganese atoms was showed between the austenite containing $7.73{\pm}0.39$ at% C and the bainitic ferrite associated with $0.22{\pm}0.06$ at% C in SB-TRIP steel.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2004년도 Asia Display / IMID 04
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• pp.881-884
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• 2004

The robust and large-area applicable metal shadow masks with a high aspect ratio more than 20 are fabricated by a combination of micro-electro-discharge machining (${\mu}$-EDM) and electro chemical etching (ECE). After defining S/D contacts using a 100 ${\mu}m$ thick stainless steel shadow mask, the top-contact pentacene TFTs with channel length of 5 ${\mu}m$ showed routinely the results of mobility of 0.498 ${\pm}$ 0.05 $cm^2$/Vsec, current on/off ratio of 1.6 ${times}$ $10^5$, and threshold voltage of 0 V. The straightly defined atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of channel area demonstrated that shadow effects caused by the S/D electrode deposition were negligible. The fabricated pentacene TFTs have an average channel length of 5 ${\pm}$ 0.25 ${\mu}m$.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

This research was conducted in the laboratory to investigate an alternative of Copper(Cu) removal from an heavymetal wastewater using the electrochemical precipitation(ECP) process. The ECP unit consisted of an electrolytic cell made of Titanium plate and Steel plate representing anode and cathode. The DC power source applied to the ECP unit had electrical potential(E) of 50$\pm$ 1V, respectively. The synthetic wastewater used in the experiments contained Cu in the 10 mg/l concentration and the electrode separation were 2, 3, 4 cm and the initial pH were 3, 6, 9, 12, and electrolytic concentration were 0.005, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.0375 mole, and the real heavymetal wastewater used in the experiments. From the experiment for removal efficiency according to pH variation, the low pH area doesn't give the coagulation effect by Ti(OH)$_4$ because process interfere with the coagulation and oxidation reaction, therefore the optimum pH was 4-7. The removal rate was 97.75% after the lapse of 30 minutes when copper concentration and electrolytic concentration were respectively 10 mg/l and 0.025 mole. The removal rate was 96.41% after the lapse of 30minutes when the real heavymetal wastewater used. The optimum consumption of power showed 27KWh/m$^3$ when copper concentration, electrolyte concentration and cell potential were respectively 10 mg/l, 0.025 mole and 50$\pm$ 1 Volt.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

Respiratory effects in full time welders include bronchitis, airway irritation, lung function changes, and lung fibrosis. Welder's pneumoconiosis has been generally determined to be benign and not associated with respiratory symptoms based on the absence of pulmonary function abnormalities in welders with marked radiographic abnormalities. Accordingly, to investigate pulmonary function changes during 60 days induced by welding-fume exposure, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes with concentrations of 64.8$\pm$0.9 mg/$m^3$ (low dose) and 107.8 $\pm$ 2.6 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total suspended particulates for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week in an inhalation chamber for 60 days. Pulmonary function was measured every week with whole body plethysmograph compensated (WBP Comp, SFT38116, Buxco Electronics, Sharon, CT). The rats exposed to the high dose of welding fumes exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05~0.01) body weight decrease as compared to the control whereas cell number increase of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (total cell, macrophage, polymorphonuclear cell and lymphocyte) during the 60 days exposure period. And only tidal volume was significantly decreased in dosedependantly during 60 days of MMA-SS welding fume exposure. This pulmonary function change with inflammatory cell recruitment confirms the lung injury caused by the MMA-SS welding fume exposure.