• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2015

Objectives: The Korean government implemented a smoke-free regulation for pubs with a net indoor area of ${\geq}100m^2$ on January 1, 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the indoor levels of concentrations of particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) in implemented and non-implemented pubs in Seoul and Changwon. Methods: $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in fifty-two $100-150m^2$ (implemented) and fifty-seven < $100m^2$ (non-implemented) pubs were measured. A real-time aerosol monitor was used to measure $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations. Field technicians recorded characteristics of the pubs including net indoor area, indoor volume and presence of smoking rooms and counted the number of burning cigarettes, patrons and vents. Results: Differences between indoor and outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in $100-150m^2$ and < $100m^2$ pubs were not significantly different in each city. Smoking was observed in 33% of $100-150m^2$ pubs and 51% of < $100m^2$ pubs. Average differences between indoor and outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in the $100-150m^2$ and < $100m^2$ pubs were $79.2{\mu}g/m^3$ and $155.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. When smokers were not observed, differences between indoor and outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations ware $12.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in $100-150m^2$ pubs and $24.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in < $100m^2$ pubs. Conclusion: Although the regulation was implemented only in ${\geq}100m^2$ pubs, a higher difference between indoor and outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations was observed in implemented and non-implemented pubs with smokers. Strict implementation of the regulation in all pubs is needed for better indoor air quality.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2015

최근 들어 미세먼지에 의한 건강위해성에 대한 많은 문제가 지적되고 있다. 따라서 서울지역은 미세먼지를 줄이기 위한 합리적인 대책과 해결방안이 시급한 실정이다. 미세먼지의 악영향을 줄이기 위해서 우선 미세먼지의 구성성분 중 비율이 가장 많은 이온성분에 대한 명확한 해석이 선결되어야 하고, 이를 바탕으로 미세먼지의 특성을 파악하여 효과적인 저감 대책 수립 및 실천이 진행되어야 한다. 미세먼지 중 이온성분에 대한 물리화학적 특성을 해석하기 위하여 먼저 서울지역에서 미세먼지를 필터에 채취하고 이온성분 분석을 하였다. 그리고 이온크로마토그래피(IC)로 분석이 되지 않는 수소이온($H^+$)과 탄산이온${CO_3}^{2-}$)은 pH와 음이온과 양이온의 당량비 차이로 농도를 추정하였다. 질량수지를 기본원리로 하는 수학적 모델링 적용 결과 음이온과 양이온의 결합형태를 도출할 수 있었다. 미세먼지의 결합에 사용된 이온은 IC로 분석한 8개 이온과 추가로 해석한 $H^+$, ${CO_3}^{2-}$이며, 본 연구에서 나온 존재형태는 $NH_4Cl$, $NH_4NO_3$, $CaSO_4$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $NaNO_3$, NaCl, $Na_2CO$, 그리고 $(NH_4)_2CO_3$ 등이 주를 이루고 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2018

녹차(Camellia sinensis L.)는 약용으로도 널리 사용되어 왔다. 하지만, 대부분의 연구는 녹차 잎을 연구의 대상으로 이루어졌으며, 지금까지도 잎 외의 다른 부분은 연구가 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 외부환경의 미세먼지(particulate matter 2.5; PM2.5)에 의한 normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs)의 손상을 뿌리 추출물이 효과적으로 보호할 수 있는 효과를 확인하였다. 30년 된 녹차뿌리 표본은 아모레퍼시픽의 Dolsongi tea field에서 채취되었으며 70%의 에탄올로 추출한 녹차 뿌리 추출물은 총 순수 사포닌 함량이 54%로, 인삼 추출물보다 더 많은 사포닌을 함유한 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 PM2.5에 의한 손상으로부터의 보호 효과를 평가하기 위해 건선환자의 특이적 바이오 마커인 IL-36G를 관찰한 결과 IL-36G mRNA 발현량은 PM2.5 처리시 녹차 뿌리 추출물 처리를 통해 IL-36G 식의 유의적인 감소를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 30년 된 녹차뿌리 추출물은 사포닌 함량이 높은 자연 계면 활성제로 사용될 수 있으며, 또한 피부질환마커인 IL-36G 발현의 억제를 통해 PM2.5에 의해 유발되는 손상에 대한 보호 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2018

Objectives: In Mongolian housing, they use coal as a fuel for indoor heating and cooking. The combustion of coal releases particulate matter, which can affect indoor air quality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concentrations of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ in winter time dwellings in ger town. Methods: In this study, indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, temperature and humidity in houses were measured by a real-time PM monitor, while the time activity patterns of the residents were also observed. Results: The correlation between factors that may affect the indoor air quality was analyzed.The indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $178.4{\pm}152.7{\mu}g/m^3$ (n=37). Five types of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations have been classified, which were associated with indoor activity. The stove type, fuel types and indoor activities such as cleaning, cooking and opening the stoves were not significantly associated with indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels. Conclusions: Further study is needed to determine the effect of stove type through 24hours of indoor air quality monitoring.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.2719-2726
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• 2010

본 연구는 포항지역 환경오염물질의 보건 환경 위해성 평가를 위한 기초연구의 일환이며, 이를 위하여 포항시에 소재한 지역대기자동측정 자료를 이용하여 연별, 계절별 $PM_10$ 농도분포에 대한 현황, 기상특성 및 오염물질 농도분포 분석을 수행하였고, 대기확산 모델(CALPUFF)을 이용하여 농도분포 특성에 대해 정성적, 정량적으로 확인하였다. 포항지역의 $PM_10$ 농도분포를 확인한 결과, 포항지역의 계절별 $PM_10$ 평균농도는 봄($75.7{\mu}g/m^3$)>여름($56.8{\mu}g/m^3$)>겨울($53.6{\mu}g/m^3$) >가을($52.7{\mu}g/m^3$) 순으로 봄에는 빈번히 발생하는 황사의 영향으로 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 포항지역 오염원별 $PM_10$ 배출량은 점오염원 62%>이동오염원 33%>면오염원 5% 순이며, 점오염원 중 전체 97%가 철강산업인 제철제강업에서 발생되었다. 포항지역은 $PM_10$의 영향을 많이 받고 있는 지역으로 포항철강공단지역에 대한 환경오염물질 원인배출원에 대한 감시체계의 보완 및 집중관리와 함께 포항지역 주민의 건강 보호를 위하여 보건 및 환경에 악영향을 미치는 위해인자 및 오염물질을 원천적으로 차단하는 작업이 지속적으로 수행되어야 할 시점이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2022

Background: The health effects of particulate matter (PM_2.5) bonded with various harmful chemicals differ based on their composition, so investigating and managing their concentrations and composition is vital for long-term management. As industrial complexes emit considerable quantities of pollutants, higher PM_2.5 concentrations and chemical component effects are expected than in other places. Objectives: We investigated the concentration distribution ratios of PM_2.5 chemical components to provide basic data to inform future major emissions control and PM_2.5 reduction measures in industrial complexes. Methods: We monitored five sites near the Ansan and Siheung industrial complexes from August 2020 to July 2021. Samples were collected and analyzed twice per week in spring/winter and once per week in summer/autumn according to the National Institute of Environmental Research in the Ministry of Environments' Air Pollution Monitoring Network Installation and Operation Guidelines. We investigated and compared composition ratios of 29 ions, carbon, and elemental components in PM_2.5. Results: The analysis of PM_2.5 components at the five sites revealed that ion components accounted for the greatest total mass at approximately 50% while carbon components and elemental components contributed 23~28% and 8~10%, respectively. Among the ionic components, NO₃^- occupies the greatest proportion. OC occupies the greatest proportion of the carbon components and sulphur occupies the greatest proportion of elemental components. Conclusions: This study investigated the concentration distribution ratios of PM_2.5 chemical components in industrial complexes. We believe these results provide basic chemical component concentration ratio data for establishing future air management policies and plans for the Ansan and Siheung industrial complexes.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2022

Objective : This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Rehmanniae Radix, Mori Folium, and Liriopie Tuber mixture (RML) on lung injury of Particulate matter less than 10 um in diameter and diesel exhaust particles (PM10D) mice model. Methods : To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of RML, PM10D was diluted in aluminum hydroxide (Alum) in 7-week-old male mice and induced by Intra-Nazal-Tracheal (INT) injection method. Animal experiments were divided into 5 groups. Nor (normal mice), CTL (PM10D-induced mice with the administration of distilled water), DEXA (PM10D-induced mice with the administration of 3 mg/kg Dexamethasone), RML 100 (PM10D-induced mice treated with RML 100 mg/kg weight), and RML 200 (PM10D-induced mice treated with RML 200 mg/kg body weight). After 11 days administration, mice were sacrificed and inflammation-related immune cells in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Inflammation-related biomarkers were also analyzed in blood and lungs. Lung tissue was observed through histological examination. Results : In the PM10D induced model, the PML showed decreases in CXCL-1 and IL-17A in BALF. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and cough-related mRNA genes was significantly decreased in serum and lung tissue. The mixture treatment of RML significantly improved the immune related cells in the serum. In addition, histological observations showed a tendency to decrease the severity of lung injury. Conclusions : Overall, these results confirmed the respiratory protective effect of the RML mixture in a model of lung injury induced by air pollution (PM10+DEP), suggesting that it is a potential treatment for respiratory damage.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.46.1-46.18
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• 2020

Background: High concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 ㎛ in diameter (PM2.5) in poultry houses is an important cause of respiratory disease in animals and humans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can induce severe respiratory disease in animals under stress or with abnormal immune functions. When excessively high concentrations of PM2.5 in poultry houses damage the respiratory system and impair host immunity, secondary infections with P. aeruginosa can occur and produce a more intense inflammatory response, resulting in more severe lung injury. Objectives: In this study, we focused on the synergistic induction of inflammatory injury in the respiratory system and the related molecular mechanisms induced by PM2.5 and P. aeruginosa in poultry houses. Methods: High-throughput 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used for characterizing the bacterial diversity and relative abundance of the PM2.5 samples, and the effects of PM2.5 and P. aeruginosa stimulation on inflammation were detected by in vitro and in vivo. Results: Sequencing results indicated that the PM2.5 in poultry houses contained a high abundance of potentially pathogenic genera, such as Pseudomonas (2.94%). The lung tissues of mice had more significant pathological damage when co-stimulated by PM2.5 and P. aeruginosa, and it can increase the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α through nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: The results confirmed that poultry house PM2.5 in combination with P. aeruginosa could aggravate the inflammatory response and cause more severe respiratory system injuries through a process closely related to the activation of the NF-κB pathway.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.171-187
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• 2023

Objectives: Aircraft cabin cleaning work is characterized by being performed within a limited time in a narrow and enclosed space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to dust, ultra fine dust(PM2.5) and black carbon(BC) among aircraft cabin cleaners. Methods: Active personal air sampling for respirable dust(n=73) and BC(n=47) was conducted during quick transit cleaning(cabin general and vacuum-specific) and seat cover replacement and total dust and PM2.5 were area-air-sampled as well. Also, size distribution of particle was identified with the cleaning workers targeted. Dusts were collected with PVC filters using gravimetric analysis. The concentration of PM2.5 and the particle size distribution were measured with real-time direct reading portable equipment using light scattering analysis. The concentration of BC was measured by aethalometer(filter-based real-time light absorption analysis instrument). Results: The geometric mean of respirable dust was the highest at vacuum cleaning as 74.4 ㎍/m³, following by replacing seat covers as 49.3 ㎍/m³ and cabin general cleaning as 47.8 ㎍/m³ . The arithmetic mean of PM2.5 was 4.83 ~ 9.89 ㎍/m³ inside the cabin, and 28.5~44.5 ㎍/m³ outside the cabin(from bus and outdoor waiting space). From size distribution, PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.54 at quick transit cleaning and 0.41 at replacing seat covers. The average concentration of BC was 2~7 ㎍/m³, showing a high correlation with the PM2.5 concentration. Conclusions: The hazards concentration levels of aircraft cabin cleaners were very similar to those of roadside outdoor workers. As the main source of pollution is estimated to be diesel vehicles operating at airports, and it is necessary to replace older vehicles, strengthen pollutant emission control regulations, and introduce electric vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to provide as part of airport-inftastructure a stable standby waiting space for aircraft cabin cleaners and introduce a systematic safety and health management system for all workers in the aviation industry.

• 생태와환경
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• 제33권4호통권92호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2000

자연 기수호인 화진포호에서 자생하는 거머리말(Zostera marina)의 분포와 생육환경을 파악하기 위하여 1998년 6월과 2000년 7월에 식물체와 퇴적물을 채집하여 수질과 함께 분석하였다. 거머리말 초지의 분포는 해수와 담수의 수체의 소통이 원활한 지역으로 수심 $0.8{\sim}l.5\;m$에 서식하였으며, 초지의 면적은 약 $3,200\;m^2$로 해안과 연결되는 호수 입구 쪽을 따라 길게 분포하였다. 서식지의 염분은 $8.0{\sim}23.0%_o$, 수온은 $22.0{\sim}23.7{\circ}C$, pH는 $8.34{\sim}8.62$으로 나타났으며, 영양염의 농도는 인접한 해양의 거머리말 생육지 보다 낮았다($TN:\; 24.34\;{\mu}M$, NH_4-N:\;2.57\;{\mu}M$, $NO_3-N:\;0.56\;{\mu}M$, $NO_2-N:\;0.27\;{\mu}M,$, $TP:\;2.08\;{\mu}M$, $PO_4-P\;:\;0.34\;{\mu}M$). 조사지역의 부유형물질 (Suspended particulate matter, SPM)의 농도는 62.8 mg/l이였으며, 입자성유기물질 (particulate organic matter, POM)은 평균 21.3mg/l로서 평균 33.9%의 부유 유기물 함량을 나타내었다. 서식지의 퇴적환경은 4 cm까지는 호기성이었으며, $3.13{\varphi}$의 세립한 사질로 구성되었다. 식물체의 외부 형태는 협엽성 거머리말의 형태적 특징을 나타내었으며,식물체의 길이는 $70.0{\sim}126.5\;cm$, 잎 너비는 $5{\sim}7\;mm$의 범위로 나타났다. 단위 면적당 서식밀도는 $264{\sim}296$개체이었으며, 개체당 건중량은 $1.26{\pm}0.75g$로 나타났다 화진포호의 거머리말 초지의 생물량은 $332.6{\sim}373.0g/m^2$의 범위이었다. 한반도에서 거머리말의 생육환경은 기수호인 화진포호까지 분포되었으며, 형태학적인 특징이 다양하게 출현하였다.