• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.583-592
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• 2022

Root-knot nematode disease is a widespread and catastrophic disease of tobacco. However, little is known about the relationship between rhizosphere bacterial community and root-knot nematode disease. This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt to assess bacterial community structure and function changes in rhizosphere soil from Meloidogyne incognita-infected tobacco plants. We studied the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of M. incognita-infected and uninfected tobacco plants through a paired comparison design in two regions of tobacco planting area, Yuxi and Jiuxiang of Yunnan Province, southwest China. According to the findings, M. incognita infection can alter the bacterial population in the soil. Uninfested soil has more operational taxonomic unit numbers and richness than infested soil. Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed clear separations between bacterial communities from infested and uninfested soil, indicating that different infection conditions resulted in significantly different bacterial community structures in soils. Firmicutes was prevalent in infested soil, but Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria were prevalent in uninfested soil. Sphingomonas, Streptomyces, and Bradyrhizobium were the dominant bacteria genera, and their abundance were higher in infested soil. By PICRUSt analysis, some metabolism-related functions and signal transduction functions of the rhizosphere bacterial community in the M. incognita infection-tobacco plants had a higher relative abundance than those uninfected. As a result, rhizosphere soils from tobacco plants infected with M. incognita showed considerable bacterial community structure and function alterations.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.12-27
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• 2023

본 연구는 강동구의 조성형공원 중 도시 녹지축에 입지한 환경생태적인 가치가 높은 공원을 대상으로 도시공원의 생태적 리뉴얼 조성방안을 마련하고 이를 적용한 설계를 제안하였다. 강동구의 개황과 도시공원 개황을 분석하고 강동구의 토지이용 및 녹지율, 공원녹지, 녹지축 현황을 분석하여 리뉴얼 대상지를 선정하였다. 강동구의 조성형 공원은 근린공원 2개소, 어린이공원 52개소로 총 54개소였으며 현황검토 1단계에서는 공원이 자연축, 녹지축상에 입지 및 인접 여부 등 입지적 가치 분석을 통해 17개소를 추출하였고, 2단계에서는 각 공원 서비스권역 내 녹지 및 오픈스페이스 비율을 바탕으로 1단계 추출 공원 중 8개소를 선정하였다. 3단계에서는 공원면적의 법적 기준 충족 여부를 통해 2단계 추출공원 중 2개소를 선정하였으며, 4단계에서는 공원의 노후화 조사를 통해 3단계 추출 공원 중 1개소를 선정하였다. 리뉴얼 대상지의 도시생태적 현황은 엔트로피 저감 측면의 토지이용현황, 물순환 측면의 토양피복현황, 생물다양성 측면의 식재구조현황을 조사하였다. 리뉴얼 대상지 3곳의 현황분석 결과는 녹지면적은 18.3-45.3%로 부족하였고 시설지 면적은 54.7%-81.7%로 높아 도시온도 저감효과가 낮은 것으로 판단되었으며, 불투수포장 면적이 공원 면적의 34.5%-48.9%로 시설면적의 대부분을 차지하여 물순환 기능이 부족한 것으로 판단되었다. 식재구조는 단층과 복층구조로 이루어져 있고 교목층은 양호하였으나 하부식생이 빈약하였고 식이식물이나 대경목 식재지는 없어 생물다양성이 낮은 상태였다. 본 연구에서 리뉴얼 대상지로 선정한 선린어린이공원, 당말어린이공원, 샘물어린이공원을 생태적으로 리뉴얼 설계한 후 공원별 생태면적률은 리뉴얼 전보다 1.4-3배 이상 증가하였다. 도시 녹지축에 입지한 도시공원을 도시생태계의 관점으로 바라보고 이를 생태적으로 리뉴얼하면 도시생태계 측면에서 엔트로피 저감, 물순환 건강성 향상, 생물다양성 기반조성에 기대효과가 높을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 1992

In order to make plan for landscape construction by ecological methods in Yukong R & D Complex site, environmental factors and structure of plant community were investigated and analyzed around Yukong R & D Complex site of Daeduk. The result of this study were as follows: 1. In the result by the classification of TWINSPAN and ordination (DCA) techniques for analysing of plant community structure, thirty plant community structure, thirty plots were divided into four groups according to soil moisture and succession trends were seem to be from the development of subsidiary vegetation through Pinus densiflora, Quercus spp., Robinia psudoacasia community to Q. acutissima community. So this result was proposed to validity of vegetation introduction for planning of ecological landscape construction in studied site. 2. On the analysis of environmental factors by ordination techeniques, the plant community were divided by soil moisture. Soilcondition will be fertilized by introduction of broad-leaved tree and the development of succession trends from the present state of plant community to Q. acutissima community. 3. The problems of horiticultural places happened to studied site, so horiticultural places for ecological landscape construction was proposed planting techniques that were considered to soil suitability, economical efficiency, native species and wildlife. 4. If we attempt to ecological landscape designs on natural systems and use natural processes to achieve desired end-points, we are more likely to produce self-sustaining solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.12-21
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• 1982

Red pine and Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon) grown in Korea have been the main species of coniferous resources in Korea. Especially, planting area of Japanese larch has been increased continueously in the recent years due to its superior plant type and rapid growth rate and its stocks reached approximately 4.32 million cubic meters at the present time. Although many research works have been done for the utilization of the larch wood in various ways, still many problems are existed in its chemical applications due to a large proportion of soluble extractives. In this study, chemical composition of larch extractives and chemical structure of its major component were analyzed. In order to identify the basic structure of major component, gas-liquid chromatography for separation of some completely methylated alditols as their acetates on a 3% - ECNSS-M on Gas Chrom Q. column was used. Proportion of extractives of Japanese larch wood was higher than that of other conifers and major component of the soluble extractives was arabinogalactan, a schematic structural formula which was presented in Figure 2. The molar ratio of arabinose and galactose was 1:4.5. The main chain of arabinogalactan was composed of 1,3 linked ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranose residues, each of which carried a side chain, attached to the C-6 positions. The exact nature of all of the side chains is not known, but the majority of these side chain was composed of 1, 6 linked ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranose residues, with 2~3 such units present per average chain. Some of the galactose units in the main chain had a residue of 3 - 0 - ${\beta}$-L-arabinopyranosyl-L-arabinofuranose. In addition, a few terminal residues of D-glucuronic acid also was confirmed, attached to C-6 position of the D-galactopyranose residue. It could concluded that the main structure of highly branched arabinogalactan from Japanese larch extractive was essentially the same as those of the other larch species.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to figure out the structural characteristics of urban plant community and suggest restoration model of Quercus mongolica in the case of Korean national Capital Region. The investigation areas were selected from urban area of Mt. Nam at Chung-Gu, suburban areas of Mt. Bong at Eunpyoung-GU, Mt. Sungju at Buchon City and non-urban areas of Mt. Suri at Kunpu City and Mt. Chonma t namyangju-City. After the main study field had been classified into the evaluation of the ecological characteristics and the modeling of the vegetation. We analyzed to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the forest structure -- successional stage, naturalness, multi-layer structure of the forest and species diversity, and the plant community structures. We have proposed vegetation restoration model based on the selection of proper plants, the number of individuals, diameter short area of breast height, the shortest distance between plants in non-urban area. As for successional stage, It was judged that the ecological succession may not be followed like the present stage of the surveyed areas in urban, suburban and non-ruban areas. As for the retention of naturalness and multi-layer structures of vegetation, In Quercus mongolica community, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Ailanthus altissima occurred in each layers at Mt. Nam, Mt. Bong and Mt. Sungju, and Eupatorium rugosum occurred in herbaceous layer at Mt. Nam. Consequently, the ecological restoration plan following the structure of the vegetation in Mt. Chonma seemed to be advisable in Q. mongolica community, there were less number of species and individuals in urban areas than those of non-urban areas. Planting of trees following the simulated native plant community of non-urban areas seemed to be required to promote the plants in urban areas. Considering the number of individuals up to three layers in each 400$m^2$ area, it was composed of twenty nine in canopy layer, forth nine in understory layer, 367 in shrub layer and 33.7% herbaceous ground cover in the Q.mongolica community. The suggested restoration model in this study is nan applicable model for the introduction in the cities, and this study shows that continuous experiments and field investigation on this model should be performed in the future.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the KangWon Province Police Agency(KPA). The site, about 27,711 $m^2$, is located at 293-4 Udu-dong, Chunchun, KangWon-Do. Design objectives of the KPA were to build a symbolic place which fall community members with pride, to elevate an identity and status of the KPA by creating a landscape correspondent to the concept of the building design, to provide community residents with a space to enjoy cultural and social activities, and to make environment friendly space. The main concept was developed by one of characteristics of the traditional spatial structure of Korea known as an, 'Open and Closed spatial structure.'By re-interpreting the traditional spatial structure and applying it to the site, the design met the various desires of the KPA. The site is primarily segmented into 6 sub spaces; entrance space Podori plaza, symbolic court, police billeting area, sports area, and rear rest area. The entrance space, Podori plaza, and symbolic court on the south-west part of the site represent the publicity of the site as the concept of ″open space.″ On the contrary, considering the specialty of police affairs, the north-east part of the site, which contains the police billeting area and rest area, were designed to maintain security by using the concept of ″closed space.″ To express an identity of the KPA, 'Podori', a police mascot, the plaza was designed and is suppose to function as the hub of the community. In the front section of the plaza, a symmetrical planting pattern, centering the strong axis, was introduced to strengthen its symbolic meaning. Traditional window frames such as the pattern of 'Pisal-jige'and 'Umulsal-jige' were used for the paving system which is applied as the environment friendly design. Site facilities and furnitrue were placed at every important spot in order to connect various spaces organically. As these well-tied spaces properly shared their function, spatial sequence and management would be promoted. The entire space was designed to allow free access of handicapped people. This proposal is meant to create a new image of KangWon province and to enhance the way of inhabitants' think about their community.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2001

'The Ecological Forest' in Youido Park was intended to be an artificial forest in urban center, following the form of natural forests in central Korea. This study was to investigate the planting plan and the vegetation change of 'the Ecological Forest' and to compare it with natural forests of similar plant composition. The natural forests had slopes between $12^{\circ}$ and $21^{\circ}$, whereas 'the Ecological Forest' had slopes between $2^{\circ}$ and $6^{\circ}$. It was unlikely that the slope condition was adequate to show 'toposequence succession' at 'the Ecological Forest'. The soil bulk density and soil hardness of 'the Ecological Forest' were higher than those of the natural forests. The soil pH of 'the Ecological Forest' was 7.45, which was greater than that of the natural forests. There were some changes in plant composition and amounts 2 years after the construction : the number of conifers was reduced from 383 to 338 ; the number of deciduous trees was reduced from 4717 to 1158. It was because of the young trees dead in the sub-tree layer. The herbaceous species planted were 14 families, 31 species, which increased to 37 families, 93 species after 2 years. In case of horizontal structure of vegetation, trees and shrubs were distributed evenly in the natural forests, whereas 'the Ecological Forest' showed uneven distribution with higher total density. In case of vertical structure of vegetation, the natural forests had distinctive layers with dominant species distributed in each layers. In 'the Ecological Forest', however, dominant species were only in tree layer. The natural forests had greater average tree height, tree density, however, and basal area than 'the Ecological Forest'. The results showed that there were some differences in the structure between 'the Ecological Forest' and natural forests. The management plan should be applied in order that the natural condition be restored in 'the Ecological Forest' by competition between plant species and natural processes.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

본 연구는 조선 후기 전주부성을 그린 <전주지도>에 나타난 식생경관을 활용하여 역사도시 전주의 도시정체성 확보방안을 모색하는 기초연구로서의 성격을 지닌다. 조선 후기 전주의 도시 이미지 형성을 주도했던 지도상의 식생경관적 특성을 파악하는 한편 식생을 활용한 경관 모티브 및 구성체계를 도출해 보고자 하는 목적으로 시도되었다. <전주지도>의 분석을 통해서 도출된 조선 후기 전주부의 식생경관 특성은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 전주부성의 식재경관 구성체계는 크게 부성 주변 자연형 식재를 토대로, 거점시설물과 연계한 독립식재와 군집식재, 지형특성과 어우러져 형성된 군집식재, 민가와 어우러진 텃밭과 마당식재가 통합되어 형성된 면형 식재경관으로 구성되어 있다. 둘째, 지역수종을 활용한 깃대종의 식생경관을 특화하였다. 조선 후기 전주는 복사나무가 만개한 도화경(桃花景)의 별천지였으며 오얏나무, 매화, 살구나무, 이팝나무 등이 가득한 꽃대궐이었다. 셋째, 산지와 어우러진 자연형 식재경관요소와 군집을 이루는 민가정원형 식재경관을 배경으로 거점시설물을 중심으로 형성된 정원형 식재 등이 전주부성 식생경관을 지배하고 있다. 넷째로 지형특성상의 결함을 보완하기 위하여 조성된 비보형 식생군락지가 중요한 식재경관요소로 강조되고 있다. 다섯째로 지형특성을 고려한 생태적 식생경관을 형성하고 있다. <전주지도>를 중심으로 도출되는 전주부성의 식생경관 특성은 전주의 경관성을 회복, 재현하는데 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 특히 지형특성과 어우러진 비보적 개념의 식생군락지, 지형과 조화되는 생태형 식재경관 형성수법, 민가와 어우러진 민가정원형 식재경관, 지역성을 반영한 도화경의 경관 조성 등은 18C 후반 전주지도를 통해 발견한 전주부성의 특화된 경관상(景觀相)이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.56-72
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• 2015

본 연구는 2009년 세계문화유산으로 등재된 조선왕릉 중 태릉을 대상으로 능침공간, 제향공간, 전이공간, 진입공간으로 공간을 구분하고, 과거 문헌고증을 통해 능 조영 당시 능의 좌우 및 후면에 식재된 원식생을 파악하였다. 태릉의 공간별 원식생 경관 중 능침공간의 능선 주변, 제향공간, 전이공간은 소나무로 추정하였고, 진입공간은 오리나무로 추정하였다. 태릉의 현존식생은 소나무림이 50.3%로 가장 넓게 분포하였고, 낙엽활엽수림은 33.7%로 갈참나무, 상수리나무, 신갈나무가 주요 출현종이었다. 식재지는 7.9%로 주요 수종은 소나무와 잔디 등이었다. 태릉 식물군집구조는 총 108개 조사구를 설정하여 총 4개의 공간으로 구분하였다. 공간별로 조사구의 상대우점치를 분석한 결과, 능침공간 현재 우점종은 소나무이었지만, 소나무는 도태되고, 상수리나무의 세력이 확대되고 있었으며, 소나무림이 갈참나무로 천이가 진행되고 있었다. 제향공간, 전이공간은 소나무가 도태되고 있었으며, 참나무류의 세력이 확대되고 있었다. 진입공간 우점종은 소나무, 갈참나무이었으며, 원식생인 오리나무가 사라지고, 소나무와 갈참나무로 변화되었는데, 이 지역은 점토질 토양으로 장기적으로 소나무는 도태될 것으로 판단되었다. 태릉의 과거식생(추론)과 현존식생을 비교 분석하여 식생경관관리 목표와 방안을 제시하였다. 식생경관관리 목표는 생태적 특성 및 식생변화를 분석하여 공간별 역사경관림에 부합하는 경관유지 및 복원을 목표로 하였다. 능침공간은 소나무림과 소나무식재지로 유지 관리하고, 기타 참나무류림을 소나무림으로 복원, 제향공간은소나무림과 소나무식재지로 유지관리하고, 참나무류림을 소나무림으로순차적 복원, 전이공간의 소나무림은 유지 관리하고, 참나무류림은 소나무림으로 복원, 진입공간은 순차적으로 오리나무림으로 복원하는 것으로 제시하였다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2017

The work breakdown structure and the precedence relations by work activity are very important because they are the basic data for estimating the construction duration in the construction work. However, there is no standard to accurately estimate the construction duration since the size of the school facilities construction is smaller than the general construction work. Therefore, some schools are unable to open in March or September and the delay of the construction duration can cause damage to the students. To solve this problem, this study developed a work breakdown structure of school facilities construction work and analyzed the precedence relations by work activities. The work breakdown structure of the school facilities construction is composed of three steps. The operations corresponding to level 1 and level 2 are as follows. (1) 2 preparatory work categories; preparation period and temporary construction. (2) 17 architectural work categories; temporary construction, foundation & pile work, reinforced concrete work, steel roof work, brick work, plaster work, tile work, stone work, waterproof construction, wood work, interior construction, floor work, metal work, roof work, windows construction, glazing work and paint construction. (3) 7 mechanic and fire work categories; outside trunk line work, plumbing work, air-conditioning equipment work, machine room work, city gas plumbing work, sanitation facilities and inspection & test working. (4) 4 civil work categories; wastewater work, drainage work, pavement work and other work. (5) 1 landscaping work categories; planting work. The work breakdown structure was derived from interviews with experts based on the milestones and detailed statements of existing school facilities. The analysis of precedence relations by school facilities work activity utilized PDM(Precedence Diagramming Method)which does not need a dummy and the relations were applied using FS(Finish to Start), FF(Finish to Finish), SS(Start to Start), SF(Start to Finish). The analysis of this study shows that if one work activity is delayed, the entire construction duration may be delayed because the majority of the works are FS relations. Therefore, it is necessary to use the Lag at the appropriate time to estimate the standard construction duration of the school facility construction. Lag is a term used only in the PDM method and it is used to define the relationship between the predecessor and the successor in creating the network milestone. And it means the delay time applied to the two work activities. The results of this study can reasonably estimate the standard construction duration of school facilities and it will contribute to the quality of the school facilities construction.