• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.591-600
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• 2010

We estimated and compared C storages and annual $CO_2$ uptakes by 9 dominant tree species planted along the streets. DBH and age by tree species were measured in the sites selected considering the planting status and distributions of tree species, and biomass, C storage, growth rate, and annual $CO_2$ uptake were estimated for each species. As a result, L. tulipifera, M. glyptostroboides, P. occidentalis were classified into fast-growing group, P. serrulata, G. biloba, Z. serrata, S. japonica, A. palmatum showed intermediate growth rates, and P. densiflora was slow-growing. Average C storage per tree was 205kgC/tree and ranged from 518kgC/tree(L. tulipifera) to 41kgC/tree(P. densiflora). Average annual $CO_2$ uptake by urban street trees over their lifespan ranged from $7.6kgCO_2$/tree/y to $99.1kgCO_2$/tree/y and L. tulipifera was the greatest, followed by glyptostroboides and P. occidentalis, and P. densiflora was the lowest. Total annual $CO_2$ uptake by all street trees in Gyeonggi-do, estimated based on the annual $CO_2$ uptake by each species, was as small as approximately 0.67% of that by forest in Gyeonggi-do. However, urban trees are still important because forest area continues to decrease and urbanization occurs annually in Gyeonggi-do, and should be managed considering their multi-functional aspects, including mitigation of heat island effect and building energy saving(indirect $CO_2$ uptake).

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-245
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• 2010

The the purpose of this study was to analyze of the vegetation structure and phytosociological changes in the area adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress for fifteen years. The result of this study was as follows; Of the 8 quadrates, site of the North Gate 2 was having a highest in the number of extinct trees, 15 kinds. This is probably due to trampling effect caused by climbers' steps. Site of the West Gate 1 and South gate 1 each had 8 kinds of extinct trees, respectively. The number of newly appeared trees was highest at site of the North Gate 1, (8 kinds) followed by the sites of South gate 1 and South gate 2, respectively (5 kinds). The highest decrease in number of tree species was observed in North Gate 1, therefore, there is a strong relationship between vegetation diversity and the number of users of the available spaces. In order to revitalize the unstable vegetation structure of the Area Adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress, Robinia pseudo-acacia has to be well maintained in the shrub tree layer, and vines, such as Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, and Pueraria thungergiana, should be removed. To recover natural vegetation, dead leaf layer should be protected, and more shrub trees need to be planted. In the understory and shrub tree layer, multi layer tree planting is highly recommended to recover natural vegetation and increase tree diversity. In order to improve bad soil condition caused by trampling effect of recreational users, special treatments to the soil structure are required, such as mulching and raking soil. Also, depending on its soil damage from users trampling, the areas in the park should be divided into usable areas and user limited areas by the sabbatical year system. To improve the soil acidity due to acidic rain, soil buffering ability should be improved by activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find potentialities of the leaves of gingko tree (Gingko biloba L.) which has been planted as a roadside tree in Korea because of its resistance on air pollution, insect, fungi, etc. Various amounts of the leaves were mixed with wasted wood particles to manufacture particleboard. Their influences on physical and mechanical properties and the formaldehyde emission of PB were investigated. Physical and mechanical properties, such as density, modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength, of manufactured particleboard were not much different from those of control board. Formaldehyde emission values were decreased with increasing amount of leaves in PB prepared. Especially, particleboard made with 3 percent of leaves was decreased to $1.66mg/{\ell}$ in formaldehyde emission, which is about 40% lower emission than that of control. From these results, the leaves of gingko tree may be considered as a formaldehyde emission lowering additive in a functional PB manufacturing process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1973

A study on the wood quality from planted Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. has been undertaken by the University Forest in order to gain results of the gross structural features of stem. For this study some groups of trees were felled and several characteristics such as the degree of stem, slenderness, eccentric growth, heartwood diameter, height of butt sweep and butt-swell were analyzed. The results of the study are as follows. 1) The relation between diameter of log and its height in sample trees are nearly parallel to each other. But their degrees of slenderness in logs cut from intermediate and codominant trees are some what gentle as compared with that of logs from dominant tree. 2) The eccentric growth at transverse section of sample trees is generally decreased with the increase of tree height on all sample trees. 3) On the eccentric growth at transverse section of tree, a rather distinct tendency was noticed that all of sample trees showed the direction of eccentric growth in $R_2$ side. 4) Heartwood diameter appeares to become larger as tree growth decrease under same diameter of logs and log diameter in which heartwood appeares is larger in rapid growth rate trees. 5) The maximum height of butt-sweep generally shows that the larger the breast height diameter of tree is, the smaller its height becomes. On the contrary it was noticed that the larger the breast height diameter of trees, the higher the maximum height of butt-swell became. The direction of butt-sweep and butt-swell were shown in $R_1$ side in all sample trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.742-746
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• 2001

This study was carried out to develop volume equations for Japanese Res Cedar(Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trees which were widely planted from 1920s throughout the southern regions in south Korea. The 31 trees for stem analysis were selected in 6 different sites in the southern and 29 trees data were used for developing volume equation. The best equation in estimating Japanese Red Cedar trees's volume was suggested as $V=-0.002908+0.000125D^{1.907114}H^{0.645131}$. The simultaneous F-test for this equation revealed that the estimated individual tree volume was not significantly different (p=0.1936) from the observed tree volume for model evaluation. Therefore, this individual tree volume prediction equation could provide basic information for the construction of yield table and forest management.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2004

It is the purpose of this study to arrange in ornamental trees and shrubs the planting that leads to an appropriate type of templescape. The study was designed primarily as an examples for each Buddhist temple which desires further decoration with several ornamental plants, doubles the effectiveness of the Sen-Buddhist meditation, and boosts tourists' attraction. To investigate the planting status and type of trees and shrubs in the precincts of Buddhism temples, We close three temples : They are Nagsansa, Boolgoogsa and Booseugsa, which are intermonatane area temples all together. The results investigated were summarized as follows :1. Planting status and pattern in temples Open spaces of the Daewoogjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuaries in temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kind of trees of shrubs to be planted.Muryangsujeon, a symbol of "Future", which can be also found at Boosugsa temple, is living in Western Elysium world and takes mercy on mankind of this life. Taxus cuspidata was planted at this Muryangsujeon, known as an immeasurable bliss building, where an Amitabha is enshrined in.Total 25 species of trees and shrubs were planted around Birozani building of Buddhist temples, Birozani is enshrined at the Birojion of Boollgoogsa temple.The buddhist Goddess of Mercy which is a buddhist saint for pursuit of fortune and blessing to relieve the mankind is enshrined at Wonchonjeon, Daebijeon and Kwaneumjeon which are able to observe at both Boolgoogsa and Nagsnsa temples, where Euonymus japonicus trees including other 26 species could be found in common at both temples.2. Correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildingsTrees and flowers symbolizing Buddha are often planted as material sources of gardening to decorate : They are Logerstroemia indica as Buddha's flower, Viburmum opulus var. calvescens resembling Buddha's head, Tilia mandshurica producing the beads of rosary, Gardenia jaminoides Ellis with white flower blade and flower of bliss, not flower to this day and Lotus flowering clearly in the pond filling with dirty water which is able to clarifies the world full of crime, infidelity and injustification. Among these Buddhist' plants, however, Logerstroemia indica could be found in all three temples, and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Also, Lager stroemia indica was planted at all three temples and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both temples of Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Tilia mandshurica and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were not found in any temples which might become the subject of investigation.In relation of the buildings of each temples as a sanctified space, the planting of trees and shrubs was not considered for the arrangement, templescape architecture or species. And, also, we could not find in the study any special relationship of trees/ shrubs with the characteristics of temples.With the results obtained through precise studies we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in intermane buddhist temple which can be applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs. Basic principles of model in mind are:To consider the correlation of the dominant between plants and temple buildings.To plant trees/shrubs for special functions as well as conditions of temple location.To make tree arrangement correlating to Buddhism spirit.To induce environment friendly plants to be planted, suitable to regional conditions.This redecorated model of templescape might be used as a canon of the tree planting and arrangement in the precincts of Buddhism temples.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the current status of planted trees in Seoul Forest and propose improvement plans to improve the naturalness in the park. A comprehensive survey of the trees in the park was conducted, and the data gathered was used to build a list of planting trees suitable for an urban park. The analysis of the characteristics of landscape trees in Seoul Forest by type was about the presence or absence of leaves, and they were classified into deciduous trees, evergreen trees, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as groundcover plants separately classified. The study found that Seoul Forest had 57 species of native and naturalized trees, with 27 deciduous trees, 35 deciduous shrubs, 15 evergreen trees, and 98 evergreen shrubs. The park also had 472 species of herbaceous plants, totaling 320,000. The majority of planted trees in Seoul Forest were native species, comprising 59% of the total planted trees, while naturalized species made up 41%. Furthermore, the ratio of deciduous trees to evergreen trees was 81% to 19%, with deciduous trees being the dominant species. The evergreen trees showed a similar trend, with a total of 23 species, including 15 native and 8 foreign species, accounting for 65% of native species. In addition, the study identified six common deciduous shrubs, including Forsythia koreana, orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Deutzia parviflora, Rhododendron lateritium, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, which are frequently planted in areas with abundant water. The study also revealed that among the 10 evergreen shrub species, 9 were native and 1 was foreign. The study aimed to classify the species planted in Seoul Forest into native and foreign species and to provide a data-driven plan to encourage the planting of native species. This study offers valuable insights into planting planning and design for urban parks, which is essential for enhancing naturalness, as most studies have primarily focused on usage patterns and satisfaction in urban parks. By promoting the planting of native species, the naturalness of Seoul Forest can be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the landscape plant species of 10 elementary schools in the Chungju city, and to obtain the fundamental informations for proper use of planting system in the elementary school landscape. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 199 species were planted in the 10 elementary schools, It was constituted 89 of woody plants, 108 of herbaceous plants and 2 of others. The average number of plants per school was about 60 species. The rate of plants species of Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous was 23 : 60 and the rate the trees to the shrubs was 59 : 24. 2. Almost the same species were planted in school landscaping zone. Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata were mainly planted in the species of trees. To improve the present conditions of school landscape should be considered for the purpose of function and the aspect of ecology. 3. To see the selected school trees and flowers, Zelcova serrata was selected to the school tree in the 4 of schools. Ginkgo biloba was selected 3 of schools, the others were Juniperus chinensis Pinus densiflora, etc. Rhododendron lateritium was appointed to the school flower in the 6 of schools, the others were Rosa spp., Forsythia koreana etc. To set the school tree and flower consider the preserved trees of the community.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-41
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• 1987

This study was conducted to investigate the planting status of the woody landscape plant species and to obtain some fundamental informations for improvement of production and sales circulation of the woody landscape plants. The details of 328 landscape projects which were carried out for 2 years from 1983 to 1984 were surveyed to investigate the utilization status of the woody landscpe plants. The results obtained are summarized as fellows ; 1) The utilization rate of the trees to the shrubs as woody landscape plants was 1 : 6 and that of the evergreens to deciduous plants was 1 : 4. The plant species which were most frequently used in landscaping were Buxus microphylla koreana, Juniperus chinensis, Zelkova serrata and Acer saccharinum, howevr, plants which were used in largest quantitites were Ligustrum obtusifolium, Forsythia koreana, Buxus microphylla koreans and Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense. 2) The number of plants planted among 3 shrub species(Ligustrum obtusifolium, Forsythia koreana and Buxus microphylla korana) exceeded half of the total number of shrubs planted for landscping, however, the number of plants planted among 8 tree species including Pinus koreainensis were about half of the total tree species. 3) The number of government price specified plant species was only 20%, but the utilization frequency of the price specified plants was as much as 6 times than unspecified plants and 85% of plants used in landscaping works were the price specified plants. The utilization rate of the price specified plants was significantly high in the shrubs than the trees and in the evergreen than deciduous plants. 4) The amounts in use of the price specified standardized plants were significantly more than those of unstandardized plants. When the plant heights are same, the plants having wider canopy or stem diameter were rather frequently used in the landscaping works. The ratio of the width of the canopy or stem diameter to the stem length of the plants in the Korean standard is significantly greater than that in the Japanese standard.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.42-52
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• 2008

This paper categorized the functions of and investigated the characteristics of planting in Pyeonghwa Park near the Seoul World Cup Stadium as a preliminary study for improving tree planting in the park. The functions of planting were deduced based on related theoretical studies and an analysis of the intention of design and environmental factors. The characteristics of planting were analyzed after drawing the distribution and stratification of dominant planting species and setting samples by function. The functions of planting were classified into natural landscape planting, buffer planting, and shade planting. For dominant planting species, pine trees and elm-like trees have been widely observed while various species in addition to pine trees in natural landscape planting areas have been introduced in terms of the function of planting. These trees that were randomly planted before the park was developed have been obstacles in the formation of natural landscapes. For buffer planting and topographical correction, tall trees were planted. However, it seems that comprehensive complementary measures should be taken on the under-story planting.