• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2012

양송이버섯의 유통 시 문제점 및 포장실태를 파악하기 위하여 2011년 5월~9월에 양송이농가, 백화점, 대형할인마트 및 슈퍼마켓 등을 직접 방문하여 유통 중 포장실태를 조사하였다. 양송이버섯 농가에서는 수확 당일 약 2 kg씩 EPS 및 골판지 상자를 이용하여 유통하였으며 백화점, 대형할인마트 및 슈퍼마켓에서는 필름 및 용기를 사용하여 자체 소포장을 하여 슈퍼마켓을 제외한 곳에서 모두 상온에서 판매되고 있었다. 이러한 실태조사 내용을 참고하여 양송이버섯의 예냉실험을 실시한 결과 예냉처리 하지 않은 경우보다 예냉처리를 한 양송이버섯의 중량감소율 및 색도의 변화가 적었으나 예냉처리에 따른 경도의 차이는 크게 없었다. 예냉처리에 대하여 포장과 예냉의 순서를 달리한 경우 선 포장, 후 예냉처리를 한 양송이버섯에서 품질변화가 더욱 적어 효과적이었으며 앞으로 양송이버섯의 장기선도유지를 위하여 새로운 소포장기술 등의 연구가 추가로 진행될 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9177-9183
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• 2014

Polymorphisms of inflammation-related genes have been found to be associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or some of its subtypes, but only a few relevant data have been reported in China. In this study, the Snapshot method was used to assess genetic variation; a total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 6 inflammatory factors in 157 NHL cases (64 Uygur ethnic subjects, 93 Han Chinese) and 435 controls (231 Uygur and 204 Han Chinese) were studied from the Xinjiang province of China. Haplotype distribution was estimated using PHASE 2.3 software. Statistical differences in the genotype and haplotype frequencies between case and control groups were also considered and estimated. For the Han population, the geneotype distributions for TNF-${\alpha}rs1800629$, TNF-${\alpha}rs1800630$, IL-6 rs1800795, IL-6 rs1800797, NF-KB1 rs1585215 and TLR-4 rs4986790 showed significant differences between the case and control groups (p<0.05). The TNF-${\alpha}$ gene frequencies of ACG and CCA haplotypes in the cases were higher than in the controls (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.55-3.89, p=0.0002, OR=2.53, 95% CI: 1.10-5.80, p=0.029, respectively), and the same findings were detected for TNF-${\beta}$ gene CA haplotype (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.21-2.90, p=0.0054). However, for the Uygur population, no such significant differences were detected within the gene-type distribution of the 14 SNPs. The TNF-${\alpha}$ gene frequency of the CCA haplotype between the two groups (OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.11-3.51, p=0.021) revealed a statistically significant difference. Our results showed that polymorphic variations of inflammation-related genes could be important to the NHL etiology of the Han population, and that these may only have limited influence on the Uygur population.

• Strategy21
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• 통권38호
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• pp.250-286
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• 2015

The main purpose of this article is to provide an understanding on current maritime issues in the Northeast Asia, and thereby help formulating the right strategy for our national security. The article summarizes core arguments in the recently published 『The 21^st Century Maritime Strategies in the Northeast Asia: Dilemma between Competition and Cooperation』. It will help readers to comprehend historical backgrounds as well as recent updates related to maritime issues and strategies in the region. Also, readers may find guidance to conceive their own maritime strategies for the Republic of Korea. Currently, the U.S. is shifting its focus from Atlantic to Pacific, and increasing its naval presence in Asia-Pacific region. Meanwhile, the 21^st century China views the maritime interests as the top priority in its national security and prosperity. PLA Navy's offensive maritime strategies and naval building such as aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines are unprecedented. Japan is another naval power in the region. During the Cold War JMSDF faithfully fulfilled the mission of deterring Soviet navy, and now it is doing its job against China. Lastly, Putin has been emphasizing to build the strong Russia since 2000, and putting further efforts to reinforce current naval capabilities of Pacific Fleet. The keyword in the naval and maritime relations among these powers can be summarized with "competition and cooperation." The recent security developments in the South China Sea(SCS) clearly represent each state's strategic motivations and movements. China shows clear and strong intention to nationalize the islands in SCS by building artificial facilities - possibly military purpose. Obviously, the U.S. strongly opposes China by insisting the freedom of navigation(FON) in international waters as recent USS-Lassen's FON operation indicate. The conflict between China and the U.S. surrounding the SCS seems to be heading towards climax as Russia and Japan are searching for their own national interests within the conflict. Also, the neighboring small and middle powers are calculating their own economic and security interests. This is no exception for us in establishing timely strategies to maximize our own national security. Hopefully, this article leads the readers to the right direction.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 1999

We checked the presence of phospholipase $A_2(PLA)_2$ which could split the ester bond at the position 2 in the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids, in the cells of hyperthermophiles of Pyrococcus horikoshii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The results obtained are as follows; (1). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells were grown in obligate anaerobic conditions at $95^{\circ}C$ and they needed sulfur as energy source instead of oxygen, while Sulfolobus acidocaldarius species grew well in the aerobic medium (pH 2.5) containing yeast and sucrose at $75^{\circ}C$. (2). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells produced phospholipase $A_2$ in the cell culture media although this species did not show lipase activity at least in the pH range of 1.5 ${\sim}$ 3.5. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells produced lipase hydrolyzing triacylglycerols such as triolein, but did not split any kind of phospholipids used as substates. (3). The compound of 1-decanoyl-2-(p-nitrophenylglutaryl) phosphatidylcholine was not suitable for a substrate in this experiment, though frequently used as a subtrate for checking presence of phospholipase $A_2$, for its decomposi-tion in this experiment. The L-${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-[N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol]aminohexanoyl-${\gamma}$-hexadecanoyl labelled with a fluorescent material, did not show any migration of acyl chains in the molecule during the reaction with phospholipase $A_2$ under a hot condition. (4). Phospholipase $A_2$ in the cells of Pyrococcus horikoshii, showed the optimum activity at $pH6.7{\sim}7.2$ and $95{\sim}105^{\circ}C$, respectively, and was activated by addition of calcium chloride solution. Andthe phospholipase $A_2$ specifically hydrolyzed glycero-phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol, but could not split phospholipid containing ether bonds in the molecule such as DL -${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-palmitoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-${\alpha}$-phosphati- dylcholine-${\beta}$- oleoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-phosphatidylcholine-dihexadecyl.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2013

Gastric cancer remains the main cause of cancer death all around the world, and upregulated activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-SRC (SRC) is a key player in the development. In this study, we found that expression of Src is also increased in clinical gastric cancer samples, with the protein level increased more significantly than that at the RNA level. Further study revealed that miR34a and miR203, two tumor suppressive miRNAs, inversely correlate with the expression of Src. Restoration of miR34a and miR203 decreased Src expression in gastric cancer cell lines, which in turn inhibited cell growth and cell migration. In summary, our study here revealed that posttranscriptional regulation of Src contributes to the deregulated cell growth and metastasis in gastric cancer, and targeting Src by miR34a or miR203 mimics would be a promising strategy in therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.425-434
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• 1997

Many reports represent that angiotensin II (ANG II) caused a dose dependent biphasic effects on fluid transport in the proximal tubule. However, respective roles of different signaling pathways in mediating these effects remain unsettled. The aim of the present study was to examine signaling pathways at high doses of ANG II on the $Na^+$ uptake of primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells(PTCs) in hormonally defined serum-free medium. High concentrations of ANG II $(>10^{-9}\;M)$ inhibited $Na^+$ uptake and increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$ in the PTCs. However, low concentrations of $(<10^{-11}\;ANG\;II)$ stimulated $Na^+$ uptake and did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$. 8-(N, N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,3,5- trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), ethylene glycol-bis$({/beta}-amino\;ethyl ether)-N,N,N'$, N'-tetra acetic acid (EGTA), and nifedifine partially blocked the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake. When ANG II and bradykinin (BK) were treated together, $Na^+$ uptake was further reduced $(88.47{\pm}1.98%\;of\;that\;of\;ANG\;II,\;81.85{\pm}1.84%\;of\;that\;of\;BK)$. In addition, W-7 and KN-62 blocked the ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. Arachidonic acid reduced $Na^+$ uptake in a dose-dependent manner. When ANG II and arachidonic acid were treated together, inhibitory effects on $Na^+$ uptake significantly exhibited greater reduction than that of each group, respectively. When PTCs were treated by mepacrine $(10^{-6}\;M)$ and AACOCF3 $(10^{-5}\;M)$ for 1 hr before the addition of $(<10^{-9}\;ANG\;II)$, the inhibitory effect of ANG II was reversed. In addition, econazole $(>10^{-6}\;M)$ blocked ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. In conclusion, the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ (calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase) and phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ metabolites are involved in the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake in the PTCs.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 CT 혈관조영 영상에서 조영제 희석비율에 따른 Blooming 인공물 발생의 상관성에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 3D 프린터를 이용하여 PLA(Poly Lactic Acid)재질의 구형 팬텀을 자체 제작하였고 구형 팬텀 내부에 조영제와 식염수의 비율을 100:0부터 10:90으로 희석하여 총 10세트를 준비하였다. 이후 CT 횡단면 영상을 얻고 raw 데이터를 최대강도투사법, 다중평면 재구성 기법으로 재구성하여 각각 횡단면, 시상면, 관상면의 영상을 얻었다. 검사 후 얻은 영상의 구형 팬텀의 직경을 각각 30회씩 총 1800회 측정하였다. 측정결과, 다중 평면 재구성 기법 중 관상면에서 20:80으로 희석하였을 때 20.47±0.05 mm로 가장 작게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 마찬가지로 최대강도투사법 중 시상면에서 20:80으로 희석하였을 때 20.39±0.08 mm로 가장 작게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 희석비율과 측정 크기의 상관성 분석에서는 모든 재구성 영상에서 강한 음의 상관성을 확인하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 조영제 희석비율이 높을수록 혈관의 실측을 측정하기 어려우며 이에 대한 원인으로 Blooming 인공물이 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 실측에 관한 추후 연구에서 본 연구가 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.896-914
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• 2006

프로덕트라인 공학은 한 프로덕트라인에 속하는 여러 어플리케이션들이 공유할 수 있는 핵심 자산을 재사용하는 새로운 패러다임으로, 대표적인 소프트웨어 재사용 방법으로 넓게 수용되고 있다. 핵심자산은 프로덕트라인의 여러 멤버에서 재사용될 수 있기 때문에, 공통성과 가변성을 잘 정의하여 높은 재사용성을 가진 핵심 자산을 개발하는 것은 생산성을 향상시켜 고품질의 어플리케이션을 빠른 시간 내에 개발하는데 필수 요소이다. 프로덕트라인 공학을 적용한 기존 방법론에서도 핵심 자산의 중요성을 강조하였지만, 대개 공통성과 가변성을 분석하는데 초점이 맞추어져 있었다. 그리고, 일부 방법론에서는 핵심 자산을 개발하는 프로세스를 제안하고 있지만, 핵심 자산의 모든 구성 요소를 개발하는 체계적인 프로세스, 지침, 산출물 양식이 다소 부족하며, 이는 핵심 자산을 설계하는데 많은 어려움을 초래한다. 본 논문에서는 핵심 자산 설계를 위한 체계적인 프로세스와 기법, 산출물의 템플릿을 제안한다. 그리고, 제안된 프로세스가 실제로 어떻게 적용되는지 검증하기 위한 사례연구를 수행한다. 제안된 프로세스, 지침, 산출물 템플릿을 사용함으로써 보다 재사용성의 이점을 최대한 활용할 수 있는 동시에 고품질 핵심 자산을 체계적이며 효율적으로 개발할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.207-223
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• 2003

For last five years, we are developing the novel local drug delivery devices using biodegradable polymers, especially polylactide (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) due to its relatively good biocompatibility, easily controlled biodegradability, good processability and only FDA approved synthetic degradable polymers. The relationship between various kinds of drug [water soluble small molecule drugs: gentamicin sulfate (GS), fentanyl citrate (FC), BCNU, azidothymidine (AZT), pamidronate (ADP), $1,25(OH)_2$ vitamin $D_3$, water insoluble small molecule drugs: fentanyl, ipriflavone (IP) and nifedipine, and water soluble large peptide molecule drug: nerve growth factor (NGF), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)], different types of geometrical devices [microspheres (MSs), microcapsule, nanoparticle, wafers, pellet, beads, multiple-layered beads, implants, fiber, scaffolds, and films], and pharmacological activity are proposed and discussed for the application of pharmaceutics and tissue engineering. Also, local drug delivery devices proposed in this work are introduced in view of preparation method, drug release behavior, biocompatibility, pharmacological effect, and animal studies. In conclusion, we can control the drug release profiles varying with the preparation, formulation and geometrical parameters. Moreover, any types of drug were successfully applicable to achieve linear sustained release from short period ($1{\sim}3$ days) to long period (over 2 months). It is very important to design a suitable formulation for the wanting period of bioactive molecules loaded in biodegradable polymers for the local delivery of drug. The drug release is affected by many factors such as hydrophilicity of drug, electric charge of drug, drug loading amount, polymer molecular weight, the monomer composition, the size of implants, the applied fabrication techniques, and so on. It is well known that the commercialization of new drug needs a lot of cost of money (average: over 10 million US dollar per one drug) and time (average: above 9 years) whereas the development of DDS and high effective generic drug might be need relatively low investment with a short time period. Also, one core technology of DDS can be applicable to many drugs for the market needs. From these reasons, the DDS research on potent generic drugs might be suitable for less risk and high return.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs that play important roles in normal hematopoiesis, including erythropoiesis. Although studies have identified several miRNAs that regulate erythroid commitment and differentiation, we do not understand the mechanism by which the crucial erythroid transcription factors, GATA-1and NF-E2 directly regulate and control differentiation via miRNA pathways. In this study, we identified miR-199b-5p as a key regulator of human erythropoiesis, and its expression was up-regulated during the erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Furthermore, the increase of miR-199b-5p in erythroid cells occurred in a GATA-1- and NF-E2-dependent manner during erythrocyte maturation. Both GATA-1 and NF-E2 bound upstream of the miR-199b gene locus and activated its transcription. Forced expression of miRNA-199b-5p in K562 cells affected erythroid cell proliferation and maturation. Moreover, we identified c-Kit as a direct target of miR-199b-5p in erythroid cells. Taken together, our results establish a functional link among the erythroid transcription factors GATA-1/NF-E2, miR-199b-5p and c-Kit, and provide new insights into the coupling of transcription and post-transcription regulation in erythroid differentiation.