• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2007

Members of prostaglandin(PG) E-series elicit cellular effects mainly through adenylyl cyclase-cAMP signaling. The role of $PGE_2$-induced increase in cAMP has been shown to be compartmentalized in the cardiac myocytes: $PGE_2$-induced increase of cAMP is not involved in the control of cardiomyocytic contraction. The purpose of the present study was to define the effect of $PGE_1$ on the cGMP levels and the role of $PGE_1$ in the atrial secretory function. Experiments were performed in perfused beating rabbit atria and atrial contractile responses, cGMP and cAMP efflux, and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) secretion were measured. $PGE_1$ increased cGMP as well as cAMP efflux concentration in a concentration-dependent manner, however, no significant changes in atrial secretory responses were observed(with $1.0{\mu}M\;PGE_1$; for cGMP, $144.76{\pm}37.5%$, n=11 versus $-16.81{\pm}4.76%$, n=6, control, p<0.01; for cAMP, $187.60{\pm}41.52%$, n=11 versus $7.38{\pm}19.44%$, n=6, control, p<0.01). $PGE_1$ decreased atrial dynamics slightly but transiently, whereas $PGE_2$ showed similar effects but with lower potency. Isoproterenol increased atrial cAMP efflux(with 2.0 nM; $145.71{\pm}41.89$, n=5 versus $7.38{\pm}19.44%$, n=6, control, p<0.05) and mechanical dynamics and decreased ANP secretion. The $PGE_1$-induced increase in cGMP efflux showed a bell-shaped concentration-response curve. $PGE_1$-induced increase of cGMP efflux was not observed in the presence of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide(NO) synthase, or ODQ, an inhibitor of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. L-NAME and ODQ showed no significant effect on the $PGE_1$-induced transient decrease of atrial dynamics. These data indicate that $PGE_1$ increases cGMP levels via NO-soluble GC signaling in the cardiac atrium and also show that $PGE_1$-induced increases in cGMP and cAMP levels are not involved in the regulation of atrial secretory and contractile functions.

• 생약학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2006

Ethanol extracts of the whole herb of Agastachis Herba (A) and of Pueraria Radix (P) alone and of their mixture (A+P) downregulated the cell growth, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$, and cGMP production. A, P, and A + P inhibited the cell growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner but not the growth of normal colon cell, CCD-112CoN. In addition, they markedly inhibited the productions of $PGE_2$ and cGMP as well as the mRNA expression of COX-2. These data suggest that non-toxic concentration of A, P, and A + P have a significant effect on the in vitro growth of HT-29 cells, specifically through the inhibition of the $PGE_2$ production via COX-2.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2006

Prostaglandins biosynthesis and nitric oxide production have been implicated in the process of inflammation. In this study we investigated on the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Angelica Koreana Radix (EAKR) on the activities of prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$, proteoglycan (PG) degradation and nitric oxide synthase (NO) in inflammation cytokines-activated rabbit articular chondrocytes. EAKR exhibited inhibitory activities on NO production and $PGE_2$ production as $73.08\%\;and\;89.49\%$, respectively at $20{\mu}g/ml$ and inhibited the degradation of PG in a concentration-dependent manner Zelatin zymography analysis demonstrated that EAKR significantly inhibited MMP-2, 9 expression in chondrocytes. In vivo, EAKR was shown to have inhibitory effects on acetic acid-induced pain. This study suggests that modulation of $PGE_2$, NO, PG degradation and MMP-2, 9 by EARK may be important in the prevention of inflammation and osteroarthritis.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.753-760
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• 2015

숙주 면역 반응과 면역 체계는 치주 질환에 대한 개인의 감수성의 주요 원인이다. 세균 감염과 흡연은 치주 조직의 파괴의 원인과 진행에 관여하는 중요한 환경 위험 요인이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 사람 치주인대세포에서 LPS와 니코틴이 전염증성 사이토카인인 iNOS/COX-2의 발현과 NO/$PGE_2$ 생산에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 NFATc1가 어떤 기전으로 항염작용을 하는지 밝히고자 하였다. LPS와 니코틴을 처리한 사람 치주인대세포에서 iNOS/COX-2의 발현과 함께 NO/$PGE_2$ 생산은 증가되었다. NFATc1 inhibitor인 CsA는 LPS와 니코틴에 의해 유도되는 iNOS/COX-2의 발현과 함께 NO/$PGE_2$ 생산을 감소시켰다. 이러한 연구 결과로 볼 때, NFAT signaling pathway가 LPS와 니코틴에 의한 iNOS/COX-2의 발현을 조절하여 NO/$PGE_2$ 매개 염증에 대해 방어할 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.644-650
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• 1996

Diglycidy1 ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/4,4'-methylene dianiline(MDA)계의 경화반응 속도에 미치는 pheny1 glycidy1 ether (PGE)-acetamide(AcAm)의 영향을 연구하였다. 반응성 첨가제로 사용된 PGE-AcAm는 PGE와 acetamide를 2:1의 몰 비로 혼합한 후 18$0^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응시켜서 합성하였으며, PGE의 에폭사이드기와 AcAm의 아민기가 반응함으로써 수산기를 형성함에 의해 진행되었다. 이 때 생성된 수산기는 DGEBA와 MDA의 반응에서 촉매로 작용하여 반응속도를 크게 활성화 에너지는 11.11 Kcal/mol이었고, 30 phr의 PGE-AcAm이 첨가된 계의 활성화 에너지는 7.91Kcal/mol이었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2017

Fucoidan, a cell wall polysaccharide found in the brown seaweed, is reported to have broad-spectrum biological activities. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of fucoidan on prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to determine whether these effects are involved in Akt activation. The levels of $PGE_2$ production in the culture supernatants from PBMCs were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and the levels of COX-2 mRNA were measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Akt activity was determined by Western blot analysis. Fucoidan in LPS-$na{\ddot{i}ve}$ PBMCs has no effect on $PGE_2$ production and COX-2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, fucoidan does not affect Akt activation in LPS- $na{\ddot{i}ve}$ PBMCs. However, $PGE_2$ production and COX-2 mRNA expression on PBMCs were remarkably enhanced by LPS stimulation. Akt activity was also increased by LPS. Increasing effects of $PGE_2$ production and COX-2 mRNA expression in PBMCs induced by LPS were suppressed by addition of fucoidan. In addition, fucoidan reduced an increase in Akt activity in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. These results suggested that fucoidan exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties by suppression of $PGE_2$ production, COX-2 mRNA expression and Akt activation in LPS-stimulated PBMCs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.513-520
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• 1994

연구배경: 규폐증은 유리규산분진을 흡입하여 폐의 섬유화를 일으키는 질환이다. 최근 규폐증의 섬유화 기전에 대한 연구에서는 유리규산 입자에 의해 자극된 대식세포에서 생산되는 monokine들과 아라킨돈산의 대사산물들의 역할에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어 지고 있다. 일반적으로 활성화된 대식세포는 세포막으로부터 아라키돈산과 그 대사산물의 분비가 증가한다고 알려져 있으나 아직 유리규산에 의한 대식세포의 활성화와 그에 따른 아라키돈산 대사산물의 생성에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 유리규산이 직접적으로 대식세포를 활성화시켜 $PGE_2$의 증가를 유발하는지를 알아보기 위하여 유리규산의 직접적인 자극에 의한 대식 세포의 $H_2O_2$와 $PGE_2$의 생성을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 방법: 시험관내에서 정상 흰쥐에서 분리한 폐포대식세포에 유리규산을 농도별로 가하여 대식세포에서 생성된 $H_2O_2$를 측정함으로써 대식세포의 활성도를 관찰하였고 그 배양액의 상청액에서 $PGE_2$의 생성을 방사선 면역 측정을 통하여 확인하였다. 또 체중 200 gm 흰쥐의 기도내에 유리규산 50 mg을 생리식염수 1ml에 섞어서 주입하고 60일후에 적출한 폐를 조직검사하여 규폐결절 형성을 확인하였고 그 규폐결절을 갖는 흰 쥐에서 분리한 폐포대식세포의 $H_2O_2$와 $PGE_2$의 생성을 같은 방법으로 측정하였다. 결 과: 1) 실험적 규폐증: 유리규산을 흰쥐의 기도내에 주입하고 60일 후에 양쪽 폐를 적출한 결과 육안적으로 평균지름 0.3 cm의 흰반점(macule)의 병변을 주로 우측폐 상엽에서 확인할 수 있었으며 조직학적적 검사를 시행한 결과 대부분의 조직절편에서 규폐결절이 형성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 규폐결절은 대부분 대식세포와 섬유모세포들로 구성되어 있었으며 섬유화가 진행되어있었다(Fig. 1A). 편광현미경 관찰하에서는 유리규산입자가 규폐결절내에 고루퍼져 있음을 확인할 수 있었다(Fig. 1B). 2) 유리규산으로 자극한 폐포대식세포의 $H_2O_2$와 Prostaglandin $E_2$ 생성: 시험관내에서 유리규산 0, 100, 200, $400\;{\mu}g/ml$ 농도로 자극한 폐포대식세포에서 생성된 $H_2O_2$의 양은 각각 12.5, 25.3, 49.1, 70.6 nM/mg protein으로 유리규산 농도에 대하여 용량의존성으로 증가하였으며 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05, Fig. 2A). 또 위와같이 유리규산을 0, 100, 200, $400\;{\mu}g/ml$ 농도로 자극한 폐포대식세포의 배양액에서 측정한 $PGE_2$의 양은 각각 6.01, 8.96, 9.58, 10.16 ng/ml로 유리규산농도에 대하여 용량의존성으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유리규산농도간의 차이는 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다(Fig. 2B). 규폐결절을 가진 흰쥐의 폐포대식세포에서 생성된 $H_2O_2$와 $PGE_2$의 양은 52.5 nM/mg protein, 15.1 nM/mg protein으로 대조군의 12.5 nM/mg protein, 6.01 ng/ml에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였다(p<0.05, Fig. 3). 결론: 위와같은 결과로 저자들은 폐포 대식 세포가 유리규산에 의하여 직접적으로 자극되어 활성화되면서 $PGE_2$ 및 $H_2O_2$를 증가시킨다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2000

Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) have been implicated in the genesis of pulpal and periapical inflammation. In this study, the relationships among $PGE_2$, 6-keto-PG $F_1{\alpha}$ (a stable metabolite of $PGI_2$) and $LTB_4$ concentrations in inflamed pulp and periapical lesions were discussed. Pulp tissue were obtained in routine endodontic treatment and periapical lesions in periapical surgery after clinical diagnoses were made. These specimens were divided into four groups as normal pulp group (Control group), acute pulpitis group, chronic pulpitis group, and periapical lesion group. Pulp tissue and periapical lesions were stored in liquid nitrogen. The concentration of $PGE_2$, $PGI_2$ and $LTB_4$ were measured with ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significantly higher levels of $PGE_2$, 6-keto-PG $F_1{\alpha}$ a and $LTB_4$ were found in acute pulpitis group than chronic pulpitis group and periapical lesion group(p<0.05). Periapical lesion group showed significantly higher mean concentrations of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ than chronic pulpitis group. In control and chronic pulpitis group, significant higher levels of $PGI_2$ than $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ were found. These results suggested that the high levels of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$ in periapical lesions may be due to rich endothelium., fibroblast and lymphocyte known as the main producers of $PGE_2$ and $LTB_4$. $PGI_2$ may be thought to one of the most abundant PGs in normal pulp tissue.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2004

External lyogels containing prostaglandin $E_1$ ethyl ester $(PGE_1-EE)$, a prodrug of prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$ as a therapeutic agent for erectile dysfunction, were formulated to overcome the aqueous instability and enhance the percutaneous absorption. Lyogels of $PGE_1-EE$ were prepared with ethanol (EtOH)/proplyene glycol (PG) cosolvent system as a vehicle, cineol as an enhancer, and hydroxypropylcellusose as a gelling agent. In vitro percutaneous absorption studies were performed to determine the rate of $PGE_1$ absorption through rat or hairless mouse skin. The permeability of $PGE_1-EE$ lyogel with enhancer was 16-fold greater than that of lyogel without enhancer. Cosolvent produced 9-fold increase in percutaneous absorption. Pharmacodynamic effects of lyogels were evaluated in mature male cats in terms of intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Lyogels containing 0.1 % of $PGE_1-EE$ showed higher ICP compared to intraurethral preparation of $PGE_1$ (1 %) and enhancer-free control lyogel. The shelf-life $(t_{10%})$ of lyogel at refrigerated condition $(4^{\circ}C)$ was calculated as 928 days, which is 4.2 times longer than that of control hydrogel. As a result, $PGE_1-EE$ was formulated successfully to a lyogel system with a selective enhancer and cosolvent system for the topical delivery of $PGE_1$.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the antitumor, hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities on hot water extract of Phellinus gilvus (PGE). Growth of tumor in mice that were orally given $0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0g\;kg^{-1}$ dose of PGE was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The hepatoprotective effect of PGE in the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-intoxicated rats was studied. In $CCl_4$ + PGE group, PGE was orally administered with 100 mg/kg/day dose 7 days before the treatment of $CCl_4$. The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were decreased at a rate of 59.6% and 54.1% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, total cholesterol and triglyceride in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were significantly decreased at a rate of 90% and 73.6% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group (p < 0.05). In the Ames test, we confirmed PGE doesn't have any activity as a mutant, and PGE showed inhibitory effect against mutagenesis induced by 2-amino fluride and sodium azide in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA1535 in a dose-dependent manner. From the above results, we may suggest that PGE might have useful as a material for functional food and/or animal pharmaceutics.