• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2016

Sirt1 is the most prominent and extensively studied member of sirtuins, the family of mammalian class III histone deacetylases heavily implicated in health span and longevity. Although primarily a nuclear protein, Sirt1's deacetylation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator-$1{\alpha}$ (PGC-$1{\alpha}$) has been extensively implicated in metabolic control and mitochondrial biogenesis, which was proposed to partially underlie Sirt1's role in caloric restriction and impacts on longevity. The notion of Sirt1's regulation of PGC-$1{\alpha}$ activity and its role in mitochondrial biogenesis has, however, been controversial. Interestingly, Sirt1 also appears to be important for the turnover of defective mitochondria by mitophagy. I discuss here evidences for Sirt1's regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover, in relation to PGC-$1{\alpha}$ deacetylation and various aspects of cellular physiology and disease.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.2891-2903
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• 2020

Phase-generated carrier (PGC) demodulation algorithm is the main demodulation methods in Fiber-optic interferometric sensors (FOISs). The conventional PGC demodulation algorithms are influenced by the carrier phase delay between the interference signal and the carrier signal. In this paper, an automatic carrier phase delay synchronization (CPDS) algorithm based on orthogonal phase-locked technique is proposed. The proposed algorithm can calculate the carrier phase delay value. Then the carrier phase delay can be compensated by adjusting the initial phase of the fundamental carrier and the second-harmonic carrier. The simulation results demonstrate the influence of the carrier phase delay on the demodulation performance. PGC-Arctan demodulation system based on CPDS algorithm is implemented on SoC. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to obtain and eliminate the carrier phase delay. In comparison to the conventional demodulation algorithm, the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) of the proposed algorithm increases 55.99dB.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.900-907
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the body fat-lowering effect of garlic powder in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator-$1{\alpha}$(PGC-$1{\alpha}$)-luciferase transgenic mice (TG). In this study, we generated transgenic mice with a PGC-$1{\alpha}$ promoter (-970/+412 bp) containing luciferase as a reporter gene. Mice were fed a 45% high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, mice were maintained on either a high-fat control diet (CON), or high-fat diets supplemented with 2% (GP2) or 5% (GP5) garlic powder for an additional 8 weeks. Dietary garlic powder reduced the body weight in the GP2 and GP5 groups, compared to the CON group. Furthermore, garlic supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin in the GP5 group, compared to the CON group. Specifically, luciferase activity in liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) was increased by garlic supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the body fat-lowering effect of garlic powder might be related to PGC-$1{\alpha}$ by the increase in luciferase activity in liver, WAT, and BAT. Furthermore, transgenic mice might be useful for evaluating the body fat-lowering effect of various health functional foods.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPAR-α, -β/δ, -γ, PGC-1α, GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats by endurance training combined with rosiglitazone. The expression of PPAR-α, -β/δ, -γ, PGC-1α, GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in red and white gastrocnemius by western blotting. The body weight was higher in diabetic induced-rats compared to the normal rats and after the treatment of exercise combined with rosiglitazone was significantly reduced in the all group. The levels of blood glucose was higher in diabetic induced-rats compared to the normal rats and after the treatment of exercise combined with rosiglitazone was significantly reduced in the all group. The expression of PPAR-α, -γ, PGC-1α in skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats were increased all groups and increased significantly in the group with exercise combined with rosiglitazone. The expression of GLUT-4 and p-AMPK-α₂ protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic induced-rats were increased all groups and increased significantly in the group with exercise combined with rosiglitazoneI. These results suggest that exercise training and rosiglitazone may act as complementary therapies for the treatment of insulin rasistance.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.997-1003
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• 2011

폐경과 비만은 여러 대사증후군과 관련되어 있다. 이에 본 연구는 난소절제로 폐경을 유도한 흰쥐에게 고지방식이로 비만을 유도하여 이들 지방세포에서 발현되는 PPAR${\gamma}$, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, -$1{\beta}$, NRf-1, TFAM 유전자들의 변화를 조사하고 6주간의 규칙적인 운동을 하여 그 차이에 따른 효과를 규명하는데 목적을 두고 조사하였다. 본 실험에서 사용한 암컷흰쥐는 3그룹으로 다음과 같이 구분하였다. (1) 일반식이군(C group, n=4), (2) 고지방식이 군(H group, n=4), (3) 고지방식이와 운동군(H+EX group, n=4)으로 나누었다. 규칙적인 운동은 수영운동을 하였으며, 방법은 주 5회, 총 6주간 점진적 시간증가로 수행하였다. 그 결과, 지방조직의 무게는 H 그룹에서 유의하게 높게 (p<0.01) 나타났으나 규칙적인 운동그룹은 확실히 감소되었다. 또한 규칙적인 운동은 PPAR-${\gamma}$ (p<0.05), PGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.01), -$1{\beta}$ (p<0.05), NRf-1 (p<0.01), TFAM (p<0.05)의 유전자들은 모두 유의하게 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 6주간의 규칙적인 수영운동은 지방세포 내 PPAR-${\gamma}$, PGC-$1{\alpha}$, -$1{\beta}$, NRf-1, TFAM의 mRNA 발현 증가와 미토콘드리아의 수 증가에 영향을 미친 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 규칙적인 운동은 폐경기 비만으로 비대해진 피하지방을 감소시키고 지방세포 내 미토콘드리아의 생합성기능을 개선시켜 미토콘드리아 수 감소를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.14-32
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS: GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolism-regulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2009

비정상적인 미토콘드리아에 의해 산화 스트레스가 증가하면 세포내 신호전달 및 유전자 발현에 손상을 일으켜 인슐린 저항성이나 당뇨병 등의 여러 질환들을 유발한다. 그런데 자식작용은 산화 스트레스로 기능이 저하된 미토콘드리아를 제거하여 인슐린 저항성 등을 억제해준다. 한편 운동도 미토콘드리아 생합성을 강화시켜 조직의 기능저하나 퇴행을 회복시켜준다. 따라서 운동과 자식작용이 서로 연관되어 미토콘드리아 생합성을 유도하는 신호체계로 작용할 가능성이 있고, 이 연구를 통해 운동 혹은 AICAR (aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-${\beta}$-D-ribofuranoside)처치로 활성 화된 AMPK(5'-AMP- activated protein kinase) 신호전달체계가 미토콘드리아 생합성을 증가시키는 경로에 자식작용이 관여하는지의 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 6시간의 급성운동으로 쥐의 골격근에서 PGC-1(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1)과 mtTFA (mitochondrial transcription factor A)의 mRNA 발현이 유의하게 증가하였다. 하지만 자식작용 표지제인 LC3(microtubule-associated proteinl light chain 3)의 mRNA 발현은 증가경향을 나타냈지만 유의하지 않았다. 한편 C2C12 근세포에서도 AICAR 처치에 의해 PGC-1, mtTFA mRNA 발현이 모두 증가하였지만, 이러한 증가는 LC3 SiRNA에 의해서 억제되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 자식작용은 AMPK에 의해 조절되는 신호전달 전달체계와는 다른 경로로 미토콘드리아 생합성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

파워 게이팅은 반도체 칩의 누설전류(leakage current)를 감소시키는 데 효과적인 기술로 알려져 있으며, 전원 차단용 파워게이팅 셀 (power-gating cell, PGC)에서의 IR drop 증가로 인한 성능 및 신뢰성 저하에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어져왔다. 그러나 최신 공정에서는 트랜지스터 사이즈 감소 추세에도 불구하고 금속 배선의 스케일링이 제한됨에 따라, IR drop에 견고한 파워 게이팅 설계 시 셀 배치와 금속 배선 면적을 고려한 새로운 접근 방식이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 셀 점유율(cell utilization)과 소모 전류에 근거한 로직 셀 배치 기법을 통해 PGC 면적 및 IR drop을 개선한 파워 게이팅 설계 방법을 제안한다. 28nm 공정으로 제조된 스마트폰용 어플리케이션 프로세서(Application processor, AP) 내 고속 디지털 코어에 적용한 결과 기존 PGC 배치 기법 대비 PGC 면적은 12.59~16.16%, 최대 IR drop은 8.49% 감소함을 확인하였다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.121-131
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• 1995

This study aims 1) To explicate the multidimensional structure of a widely used measure of subjective well-being, the Philadelphia Geriatric Center(PGC) Morale Scale is used to measure health in elderly populations and 2) To examine the relationship between the socioeconomic status and related variables, health and physical disability and subjective well-being in elderly populations. The selection of subjects was determined through a survey of 672 rural dwelling elderly persons(269 males and 403 females) aged 60 years and over. The respondents were interviewed by 18 trained health workers using the questionnaire from July 4 to July 9 in 1994. The subjects were surveyed again during the period from August 1 to August 6 in 1994 to conform the questionnaire's reliability. Subjective well-being was evaluated using the Revised Questionnaire of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center(PGC) Moral Scale(17 items, Lawton, 1975). The results are as follows : 1) The item scores were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal component analysis. A rotated three-factor solution was done, accounting for 40.9% of the total variance. Thus, the PGC morale Scale can be derived from three stable factors : Factor 1 was explained "Lonely Dissatisfaction(7 items)", Factor 2 was explained "Agitation (5 items)", Factor 3 was explained "Attitude Towards Own Aging (5 items)". Further, these factors have a high degree of internal consistency, as determined by Cronbach's alpha : 0.7852. 2) The total mean score of PGC Morale Scale was 8.73. Sex, Age, Education, Current disease, Family type, Economic status, ADL, IADL were significantly difference in mean scores of PGC morale scale. 3) In the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis of subjective well-being. the most contributing factors were economic status, IADL, current disease, family type, sex and the R square was 0.23.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2011

이 연구는 지구성 운동이 streptozotocin (STZ)으로 유발된 제 1형 당뇨 특징을 가진 쥐 뇌의 글루코스 운반, 미토콘드리아 기능 및 항산화효소 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 제 1형 당뇨 모델 쥐는 50 mg/kg의 streptozotocin을 수컷 Sprague-Dawley (SD) 흰쥐의 복강에 1회 주입하여 생산하였으며 본 실험 시집단은 NON-STZ 집단(n=8), STZ-CON 집단(n=8) 및 STZ-EXE 집단(n=8) 등 3집단으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 트레드밀 지구성 운동은 총 6주, 주 5일, 2주 간격으로 속도를 약 3~4 m/min으로 점증적으로 증가시켰으며 운동시간은 1주와 3주차에 10분씩 증가시켰다. 분석 결과 혈청 글루코스 수준은 STZ-EXE 집단은 STZ-CON 집단에 비해 현저하게 감소(p<0.05)하였으며 PGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.001), mtPGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.001), GLUT-1 (p<0.001), Tfam (p<0.001), Cu,Zn- SOD (p<0.001), Mn-SOD (p<0.01) 경우도 STZ-EXE 집단이 STZ-CON 집단에 비해 현저하게 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 장기간 지구성 운동이 뇌의 글루코스 이용능력과 관련된 단백질인 GLUT-1과 미토콘드리아 기능 향상과 관련된 단백질인 PGC-$1{\alpha}$과 Tfam을 증가시키고 산화적 스트레스의 방어 기전으로서 역할을 수행하는 항산화 효소인 Cu,Zn-SOD와 Mn-SOD를 활성화시키는데 긍정적인 역할을 수행한 것으로 나타났다.