• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.11b
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• pp.530-532
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• 1998

In this paper, We Designed the torque compensatory controller for robot manipulator using modified chaotic neural networks with self feedback loop. The proposed torque compensatory controller compensate torque of the PD controller. In order to estimate the proposed controller, we implemented to the Cartesian space control of three-axis PUMA robot and compared the simulation results with recurrent neural networks(RNNs) controller. Simulation results show that the learning error drastically decrease at on-line learning. The proposed CNNs controller shows much better control performance and shorter processing time compared to the recurrent neural network controller in the robot trajectory control.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.144-149
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• 1990

X-ray phtoelectron spectroscopy has been used to obtain information on the behavior of the Pb catalysis and Sn sensitizer on the bariumtitanate ceramic substrate. SnF2 sensitization and PbCl2 activation process are used are used to prepare nonconductive substrate for electroless plating. This method of surface preparation is compared to Pd-Sn mixed solu tions and Ag pretreatment process. In all the case, the bonding energy is about 487.5eV for Sn and 336.5~337.5eV for Pb.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.85-92
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• 2018

This study was to confirm the effectiveness of crime prevention in an apartment complex environmentally designed for domestic crime prevention. The researchers surveyed 267 residents on the community, fear of crime, and crime victimization. They arrived at the following conclusions. The authorization complex received higher security satisfaction results than the unauthorized complex; residents were less afraid of crime and more active in the apartment complex community. These results differ from previous studies in that the fear of crime is not related to a crime victim experience and that the fear of crime is low when there are less households in the apartment complex. Therefore, effectiveness of crime prevention abroad should not be accepted in a domestic residential environment.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 2009

Purpose : Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the major form of dialysis in use for infants and children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to gain insight into the current status of children on PD in Korea. Methods : In May 2008, questionnaires were sent to the pediatric nephrologists via e-mail. Four centers replied and those data were reviewed. Results : A total of 103 patients were included in this study. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Mean age was $11.5{\pm}4.9$ years (0-19 years). Primary renal diseases diagnosed were as follows: primary glomerular disease (34%), chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy (14.6%), systemic disease (9.7%), renal hypoplasia/dysplasia (8.7%), heredofamilial disease (6.8%), vascular disease (3.9%), drug-induced nephropathy (1.0%), and unknown (12.6%). PD modalities were as follows: CAPD (42.7%), CCPD (27.2%), NIPD (11.7%), and Hybrid (18.4%). Weekly total Kt/V was $2.1{\pm}0.7$ (0.3-4.1). Results of peritoneal equilibrium test were as follows: low 36.8%, low average 31.6%, high average 19.7%, and high 11.8%. Z-score for weight was $-1.00{\pm}1.20$ (-4.54~+2.50). Z-score for height was $-1.55{\pm}1.65$ (-9.42~+1.87). Growth hormone was administered in 24.3% of patients. Anti-hypertensive drugs were administered in 64.0% of patients. Laboratory findings were as follows: hemoglobin $10.5{\pm}1.4$ g/dL, calcium $9.7{\pm}0.7$ mg/dL, phosphorus $5.4{\pm}1.4$ mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone $324.2{\pm}342.8$ pg/mL. Conclusion : Primary glomerular disease was the most common cause of ESRD. CAPD was the most prevalent PD modality. Low and low average peritoneal transport type were common. Growth disturbance were noted in many patients. Some patients had hypertension even with anti- hypertensive drugs. Calcium-phosphorus levels were maintained adequately, but many patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1992.05b
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• pp.26-27
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• 1992

The effect of activation and electroless nickel plating conditions on contact properties were investigated for selective electroless nickel plating of Si farers in order to obtain an optimum condition of contact hole filling. According to RCA prosess, p-type si 1 icon (100) surface was cleaned out and activated. The effects of temperture, DMAB concentration, time, and stirring iwere investigated for activation of p-type Si(100) surface. The optimal activation condition obtained was 0.5M HF, 1mM PdCl$_2$, 2mM EDTA, 7$0^{\circ}C$, 90sec under ultrasonic vibration. In electroless nickel plating, the effect of temperature, DMAB concentration, pH, and plating ti me were studied. The optimal plating condition found was 0. 10M NiS0$_4$.$H_2O$, 0.lIM Citrate, pH 6.8, 6$0^{\circ}C$, 30 minutes. The contact resistence of fi]ms wascomparatively low. It took 30 minutes to obtain 1$\mu$m thick film with 8$\mu$M DMAB concentration. The film surface roughness was improved with increasing temperature and decreasing pH of the plating solution. The best quality of the film was obtained with the condition of temperature 6$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.8. The micro-victors hardness of film was about 600Hv and was decreased wi th increasing particle size of plating layer.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1990

The cultural characteristics and some factors such as nutrient sources and supplements effecting on mycelial growth and density were investigated to study the possibility of an artificial cultivation of P. cocos. The optimum pH for P. cocos was 4.0-4.5. The optimal growth temperature ranged from $25^{\circ}C$ to $29^{\circ}C$. Myceial growth of P. cocos was better in SPD than PD media. Adding the nurient sources such as dextrose, yeast and potato infusion to pine extract media practically stimulated the mycelial growth and density of P. cocos comparing to pine extract media alone. When P. cocos was cultured on sawdust media added 3 different supplements composed of corn meal, rice bran and wheat bran, corn meal was the best and its percentage was 30 (w/w) for mycelial growth. On culturing in sawdust media added by varying the mixture ratio of them, the media mixed corn meal and wheat bran (3:1, w/w) supported more vigours for mycelial growth. In inoculation test to pine stem, the fungal growth was good in under or inside pine bark and xylem, but the sclerotium was not observed in the stem. Mycelial growth was also observed in central part of pine stem by cross section.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1066-1070
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• 2006

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is important in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative disorders. Understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying SMC growth after arterial injury would have therapeutic implications. Here we report that receptor activator of $NF-{\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, promotes the proliferation of SMC, leading to decreased expression of p21 and enhancement of SMC growth. ERK and p38 phosphorylation was enhanced after RANKL treatment in SMC. Inhibition of ERK/p38 MAPK activity by PD98059/SB203580 completely abolished RANKL-induced proliferation of SMC, indicating ERK and p38 MAPK are essential for RANKL-induced SMC proliferation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RANK-RANKL-ERK/p38 pathway is important for proliferation of SMC and that these molecules may be the new therapeutic targets for the prevention of vascular diseases.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.115-126
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• 2019

Existing buildings in urban parks are a kind of thing that has been settled and occupied on the site of an unexecuted park. The aim of this study is to identify nature by analyzing the causality and path-dependency through the transformation of the relevant system. The scope of the study was set up as a system for the occupancy of urban parks from 1934 when the building restriction system was established to 2000 when purchase claim (매수청구권) was introduced. The method of study was to get correlation by harmonizing the external and internal mechanisms affecting the relevant institution. The related system showed a modest change in the fourth stage, polymerizing the initial system. In the 1950s and 1960s, the existing buildings in urban parks were 'disguised' by government and the 'regulation' principle was applied since 1967. In the 1980s, the principle of 'protection' and 'support' for parks was added, but in the 1990s, the principle of regulation began to be lifted as the long-term unexecuted urban park (장기미집행 도시공원) problem continued for more than 60 years. Although the public concept of land ownership (토지공개념) has worked strongly for nearly 30 years since 1960, the system has developed into a form of deregulation since 1980. The nature of the relevant institution is first, dependent on the higher-level system and vertical. Second, it implies a conflict of restrictions and acceptance. Third, it is a temporary measure of the park problem. Therefore, the relevant system has long been enhancing the encroachment requirements on urban parks, so fundamental readjustment is needed in the future.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.376-387
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the three dimensional changes of tooth movement using four different types of maxillary molar distalization appliances; pendulum appliance (PD), mini-implant supported pendulum appliance (MPD), stainless steel open coil spring (SP) and mini-implant supported stainless steel open coil spring (MSP). Methods: These experiments were performed using the Calorific $machine^{(R)}$ which can simulate dynamic tooth movement. Computed tomography (CT) images of the experimental model were taken before and after tooth movement in 1 mm thicknesses and reconstructed into a three dimensional model using V-works $4.0^{TM}$. These reconstructed images were superimposed using Rapidform $2004^{TM}$ and the direction and amount of tooth movement were measured. Results: The mean reciprocal anchor loss ratio at the first premolar was 17 - 19% for the PD and SP groups. The appliances using mini-implants (MPD or MSP) resulted in less anchorage loss (7 - 8%). On application of a pendulum appliance or MPD, distalization was obtained by tipping rather than by bodily movement. Furthermore, the maxillary second molar tipped distally and bucally. But on application of MSP, distalization was achieved almost by bodily movement. Conclusions: Regarding tooth movement patterns during molar distalization, stainless steel open coil spring with indirect skeletal anchorage was relatively superior to other methods.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.331-335
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of deep sea water on fruit quality and yield of tomato. In the deep sea water treatments, fruit growth and weight were decreased as the concentration of deep sea water increased. Especially, the fresh weight of second truss was decreased significantly than first truss. Soluble solid content was increased significantly in higher concentration treatment especially at 30mM and 40mM treatment. That was increased more in the first than in the second truss fruits. Most of hexose in fruits were glucose and fructose. The reason of increased glucose and fructose contents was the decline of growth because of salinity stress by deep sea water treatment. however deep sea water treatment increased the lycopene content, especially in 20mM treatment. It is assumed that deep sea water treatment cause induction and promotion of ethylene. The higher concentration of deep sea water to the solution, the eater fruit quality improvement was noticed. However, proportional yield reduction accompanied concentration, 20mM deep sea water improved fruit quality without a significant yield reduction. The Re content was the highest among ginsenosides in all treatments. The contents total of ginsenosides in all treatments, except EC 8 treatment, was higher than those in the controlled treatment. The PT/PD value was 1.31 of the lowest in the EC 8 treatment and was 2.52 of the highest in the EC6 treatment. Rf contents in high increase was detected at all treated ginseng roots.