• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of $PC_6$ moxibustion treatment for reducing mental stress using power spectrum analysis of the heart rate variability(HRV). Methods : 20 healthy volunteers(simple rest group : 10, moxibustion treatment group : 10) participated in this study. After instrumentation and 5-minutes rest period, mental stress by operation was provided for 5-minutes. HRV was recorded before and after the mental stress. And then the simple rest group rested for 15-minutes. The moxibustion treatment group was treated by $PC_6$ moxibustion and rested for 15-minutes. And then HRV was recorded. Results : In simple rest group, LF norm and HF norm showed a significant change after mental stress. In moxibustion treatment group, LF, HF, LF norm, HF norm and LF/HF showed a significant change after mental stress. But there were no significant difference between two groups(p>0.05) except HF. In moxibustion treatment group, LF, LF norm, HF norm and LF/HF showed a significant change after moxibustion treatment. There were significant differences between two groups(p<0.05). Conclusions : The result suggests that $PC_6$ moxibustion treatment can regulate and prevent the alteration of autonomic nerve system by mental stress.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.698-705
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effect of PC6 and SP4 on autonomic nerve system in healthy adults. Methods : 22 healthy adults were recruited and randomized into the study group or control group. The study group (real acupuncture group) was acupuncturcd on PC6 and SP4. The control group (sham acupuncture group) was acupunctured superficially near PC6 and SP4 but not the exact points. The subjects rested for 10 minutes, and were then acupunctured. After 15 minutes, acupuncture needles were removed and the subjects rested for another 15 minutes. Heart rate variability(HRV) was continuously measured during the study period by FM-150 (digital Holter ECG recorder). Results : In the real acupuncture group. LF(low frequency) significantly decreased during the acupuncture period(p<0.05). LF/HF ratio also had a significant decrease during acupuncture period and the decrease was maintained during the post-treatment period as compared with the pre-treatment period. In the sham acupuncture group. LF significantly increased during the acupuncture period but LF/HF ratio had no significant changes. Conclusions : The results suggest that acupuncture on PC6 and SP4 can increase parasympathetic activity and balance autonomic nervous system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2000

External morphology and numerical taxonomy by principal component analysis and cluster analysis were investigated to understand the taxonomic relationships on the populations of Hanabusaya asiatica from 6 different habitats. Additionally H. latisepala was used as a outgroup. The distinct characters to each habitat were not present in the measurement of 21 qualitative characters except for some native individuals in the top of Mt. Sorak and Hyangrobong based on leaf shape and bracts. This results were recognized as the continuous variations of external morphology. The populations of H. latisepala and H. asiatica were identified by calyx lobe shape. The results obtained based on the principal component(PC) analysis of treated 78 OTU were divided into two groups by PC 1,2,3, and the sums of contributions for the total variance were 50.07% (PC1 22.3% , PC2 15.7%, PC3 12.0%, respectively), and six populations were not distinctly identified as illustrated in two dimensions with PC1 and PC2. In cluster analysis based on average linkage cluster analysis and Ward's method, there were similarities in the composition of clustered taxa, and each populations were not identified.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.663-674
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• 2017

This paper presents an approach for evaluating performance of prestressed concrete (PC) bridge girders exposed to fire. A finite element based numerical model for tracing the response of fire exposed T girders is developed in ANSYS. The analysis is carried out in three stages, namely, fire temperature calculation, cross sectional temperature evaluation, and then strength, deformation and effective prestress analysis on girders exposed to elevated temperatures. The applicability of the computer program in tracing the response of PC bridge girders from the initial preloading stage to failure stage, due to combined effects of fire and structure loading, is demonstrated through a case study, and validated by test data of a scaled PC box girder under ISO834 fire condition. Results from the case study show that fire severity has a significant influence on the fire resistance of PC T girders and hydrocarbon fire is most dangerous for the girder. The prestress loss caused by elevated temperature is about 10% under hydrocarbon fire till the girder failure, which can lead to the increase in deflection of the PC girder. The rate of deflection failure criterion is suggested to determine the failure of PC T girder under fire.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2015

This study was performed to comparative investigate the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoint by using neural tracing technique. A total 4 SD rats were used in the present study. After anesthesia, the rats received microinjection of $6{\mu}l$ of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) into the corresponding sites of the acupoints Cheonji(PC1) in the human body for observing the distribution of the related primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia(DRGs) and motor neurons in the spinal cord(C3~T4) and sympathetic ganglia. Three days after the microinjection, the rats were anesthetized and transcardially perfused saline and 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by routine section of the DRGs, sympathetic chain ganglia(SCGs) and spinal cord. Labeled neurons and nerve fibers were detected by immunohistochemical method and observed by light microscope equipped with a digital camera. The labeled neurons were recorded and counted. From this research, the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoints were concluded as follows. Muscle meridian related Cheonji(PC1) are controlled by spinal segments of C5~T1, C6~T4, respectively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.115-126
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to confirm the extent of the reduction in the total cost of ownership of the open source software in comparison to the commercial software installed for information system, PC and cloud computing. Accordingly, the actual reduction rates in the total cost of ownership, when open source software is installed in the information system, PC and cloud computing, were computed and analyzed for 51 companies in the area of information system, 18 companies in the area of PC and 6 companies in the area of cloud computing, which included government institution, educational institution and private enterprises. The results of expert survey illustrated that the reduction rates are (1)63.3% on the average for the 4areas of information system, namely, DBMS, WAS, Web and OS, (2) 59.4% on the average for the 6 areas of PC, namely, OS, Documentation Program, Back-up and Restoration, Screen Capture, Vaccine and Others and (3) 61.2% on the average for the 6 areas of cloud computing, namely, Virtualization, OS, WEM/WAS, DBMS, DFS and Cloud Management.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.701-704
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• 1999

Metallophthalocyanines [PcM, Pc: phthalocyanine, M: Fe 2+ , Co 2+ ] were reacted with α-isocyanonaphthalene( α-in) and α-isocyanoanthracene (α-ia) to form monomeric complexes. The synthesis and coordination behaviour of the isocyanides as a ligand (L) are discussed. All the products were characterized by spectroscopic methods and instrumental analysis. The electrical conductivities of these complexes, which were not treated with dopant, were attributed to the metal-ligand electron delocalization in the PcML2 complexes. The complexes have an enlarged macrocycle where the π-electron back donating ability of PcM is stronger than the σ-electron coordinating ability of the isonitrile ligands. Their electrical conductivities were measured as σRT = 2.1×10 -9 ~3×10 -10 S/cm. Also thermal stability was investigated in this study.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 2009

Objectives : This Study was performed to assess the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) in PC12 cells and primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Methods : The anioxidant effect was investigated using the DPPH radical and ABTS cation scavenging assays and total polyphenol amout of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan). The neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) in PC12 cells was evaluated using MTT assay. The scavenging activity of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) on ROS production induced by 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine) in PC12 cells was evaluated, as well as the attenuating effect on GSH reduction. Finally, we examined the neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) against 6-0HDA-induced toxicity in the primary culture of rat mesencephalic doperminergic neurons. Results : Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) showed concentration-dependent scavenging activities in DPPH radical and ABTS cation scavenging assays and it was not cytotoxic to PC12 cells. In postand co-treatment, Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) protected PC12 cells from the 6-OHDA induced toxicity at 50 and 100 ${\mu}$g/mL significantly. And Chunghyu!-dan(Qingxuedan) decreased the 6-OHDA induced ROS production at a dose dependent manner, while increaing the 6-OHDA induced GSH reduction at 50 and 100 ${\mu}$g/mL significantly. Finally, Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) showed signicant protection of rat mescencephalic dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA at 1 ${\mu}$g/mL. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) has the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect against 6-0HDA induced cytotoxicity through decreasing ROS production and increasing GSH reduction.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of water extracts from Thujae Semen(TSW) in PC12 cells. Methods : We performed 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2-azinobis- (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS) cation scavenging assay, and determination of total polyphenolic content to examine the antioxidant effects of TSW. We also carried out 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay(MTT), reactve oxygen species(ROS) assay, and nitric oxide(NO) assay to examine neuroprotective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) in PC12 cells. Results : TSW showed $IC_{50}$ values of 404.3 and 219.9 ${\mu}g/mL$ in DPPH and in ABTS assays, respectively. TSW showed 9.74 ${\mu}g/mL$ of total polyphenol contents. TSW incresed cell viability in a dose dependent manner and it showed protective effect against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity at the concentration of 25-200 ${\mu}g/mL$. Moreover, it recovered 6-OHDA induced cell death at the same concentrations. The extract showed a dose dependent reduction of ROS and NO generation by 6-OHDA. Conclusions : We concluded that TSW has neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in PC12 cells through ROS and NO inhibition.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.556-561
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• 2012

Steroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the conversion of estrone sulfate to estrone that can stimulate growth in endocrine-dependent tumors such as prostate cancer. Although STS is considered as a therapeutic target for the estrogen-dependent diseases, cellular function of STS are still not clear. Previously, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ significantly enhances steroid sulfatase expression in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells through PI3K/Akt-dependent pathways. Here, we studied whether bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which are known to induce TNF-${\alpha}$ may increase STS expression. Treatment with LPS in PC-3 cells induced STS mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Using luciferase reporter assay, we found that LPS enhanced STS promoter activity. Moreover, STS expression induced by LPS increased PC-3 tumor cell migration determined by wound healing assay. We investigated that LPS induced IL-6 expression and IL-6 increased STS expression. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that LPS induces STS expression through IL-6 pathway in human prostate cancer cells.