• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.59-75
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• 2002

Aerodynamic analysis study was performed on 14 normal subjects (2 males, 12 females) with nonsense syllables composed of Korean bilabial stops (/p, p', $p^{h}$) and their preceding and/or following vowels, /i, a, u/. That is, [pi, p'i, $p^{h}i$, pa, p'a, $p^{h}a$, pu, p'u, $p^{h}u$, ipi, apa, upu, $ip^{h}i$, $ap^{h}a$, $up^{h}u$, ip'i, ap'a, up'u]. All measures were taken and analysed using Aerophone II voice function analyzer and included peak air pressure, mean air pressure, maximum flow rate, volume, mean SPL and phonatory SPL. A t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed for analysis. A post-hoc analysis was performed with Scheffe and Bonferroni. The results were as follows: First, MSPL. and MAP of /p, p', $p^{h}$/ were significantly different in different positions (initial and medial position). In addition, different vowel environment also produced significantly different aerodynamic characteristics those consonants. Especially the lax consonant /p/ was significantly different /i, a, u/ vowel environments. The tense consonant /p'/ was significantly different only /i/ vowel environment.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.202-208
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• 2007

Various techniques were evaluated to determine the best method for reducing small bowel involvement in pelvic irradiation. Fourteen patients receiving radiation in pelvic area were enrolled for this study. Five sets of small bowel images were obtained. Patients were positioned on a simulation couch with full bladder in prone and supine positions and 2 sets of images were taken. Then they were asked to empty their bladder and 2 sets of images were taken in prone and supine positions. A belly board device (BBD) was placed and one set of images was obtained. Using a software, the area of small bowel inside treatment field was contoured, measured, and analyzed. In both full and empty bladder cases, small bowel area reduction was observed in prone position as compared to supine position. Especially statistically significant reduction is noted in lateral film. An average decreases of 13% in PA and 26% in lateral direction were noted with bladder distention as compared to empty bladder. With the use of BBD for empty bladder, a significant reduction of $62.8{\pm}27.1%$ and $63.1{\pm}32.9%$ in PA and lateral directions were observed as compared to without BBD in prone position, respectively. In conclusion, the best sparing of small bowel concerning the area included in the treatment fields was achieved with BBD in prone position with empty bladder. However, further reduction is expected if the bladder was filled fully because the analysed data with empty vs full bladder study shows increased sparing of small bowel with distended bladder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2021

In this study, the effective dose for frequently general radiography among the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for examinations provided by the government in Korea was evaluated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) simulation tool. We were selected to evaluate for a total of 5 examination sites which included head anterior-posterior, chest (posterior-anterior, lateral), abdomen anterior-posterior and pelvis anterior-posterior. Physical conditions such as tube voltage and tube current used in MCNPX simulation were used in domestic conditions of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). To evaluate domestic medical radiation exposure, we used the HDRK-Man computerized human phantom manufactured based on the international standard ICRP 103 that was applied to the MCNPX simulation. The phantom could represent the standard body shape of Koreans. As a results, the effective dose corresponding to the DRL based on adult males of head anterior-posterior position was 0.086 mSv, chest posterior-anterior position was 0.05 mSv, chest lateral was 0.354 mSv, abdomen anterior-posterior position was 0.548 mSv, and pelvis anterior-posterior position was 0.451 mSv.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2008

Purpose: Variation in the morphology of gingival papilla may be determined by the shape and position of anatomic crown as well as contact area and embrasure form of individual teeth. However, periodontal biotype classification is regarded to be subjective because of the lack of definite criteria. In this study, we defined the objective parameters which constitute the periodontal biotype and measured their relationship. Materials and Methods: 109 of dental casts were prepared using three dimensional scanner and specialized reconstruction software, then acquiredvirtual models were sent to the 20 professional dentists to define the specific periodontal biotypes. Several parameters around periodontal structures were measured from the virtual models; facial surface area of the anterior tooth (AT), anterior papillary area (AP), proportion of the dento-papillary complex, clinical papillary length (PL), and clinical papillary angle (PA). Statistical analysis was performed to confirm the relationship among parameters. Results: Coincidence rate of periodontal biotype within observers was $63.77{\pm}16.05%$. Coincidence rate between observers was $76.15{\pm}16.43%$. Among the parameters measured, PL showed the most positive correlations and PA presented the most negative correlations. The parameter of the AP and PL of six maxillary anterior teeth showed significant correlation coefficient. Conclusion: Anterior papillary area and clinical papillary length would be objective parameters for determining the consistent periodontal biotypes.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.2157-2169
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• 2023

In order to handle the problem that puncture patterns will change the position distribution of original information bits and frozen bits in polar codes, which affects performance of puncture polar codes further, a minimum row weight and polar spectrum based puncture polar codes construction algorithm (called PA-MRWP) is proposed in this paper. The algorithm calculates row weight of generator matrix and sorts the row weight in ascending order first. Next, the positions with the minimum row weight are selected as initial puncture positions. If the rows with the same row weight cannot all be punctured, polar spectrum based auxiliary puncture scheme is used. In sub-channels with the same row weight, rows corresponding to the polarized sub-channels with higher reliability are selected as puncture positions to construct puncture vector, and the reliability is calculated based on polar spectrum. It is actually a two-step selection strategy, the proposed minimum row weight puncture (MRWP) algorithm is used for primary selection and polar spectrum based auxiliary puncture is used for adjustment. Simulation results show that, compared with worst quality puncture (WQP) algorithm, the proposed PA-MRWP algorithm and Gaussian approximation-aided minimum row weight puncture (GA-MRWP) algorithm provide gains of about 0.46 dB and 0.29 dB at bit error rate (BER) of 10^-4, respectively when code length N=400, code rate R=1/2. In addition, the proposed puncture algorithms improve the BER performance significantly with respect to quasi-uniform puncture (QUP) algorithm.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-90
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• 2024

India, Southeast Asia in general, and Siam in particular share a long history of cultural and commercial relations. Located in each other's extended neighbourhood, India and Thailand have a shared maritime boundary in the Andaman Sea. Situated in the strategic position, midway between West Asia on the one hand and East Asia on the other, India and Siam combined played a significant role in the maritime transactions in Asia and beyond. The geographical proximity between India and Siam led to multifaceted maritime interactions and exchanges. Siam was in the Indian sphere of cultural, religious, philosophical, technical, and linguistic influence much before the Common Era. The cultural and mercantile networks between India and Siam are well-attested by archaeological and literary sources. The archaeological findings in Siam and other Southeast Asian countries have revealed the dynamic trade and cultural exchange between India and Southeast Asia since the pre-Common Era. The Takola (modern Takua Pa) area served as a more suitable landing place for Indian merchants and there existed the settlement of the Indian mercantile community. Ligor (Nakhon Si Thammarat), Jaya (Chaiya), Patalung (Phatalung), U Thong, Ban Don Tha Pet, Ban U Taphao, Khao Sam Kaeo, and many other sites in Siam have brought to light a large variety of objects which demonstrate that ancient Siam had close mercantile contact with India as well as the Mediterranean world and China. The paper discusses in detail the cultural and trade links between India and Siam and their impact on the Maritime Silk Road.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 1998

The spatial rainfall distributions accompanied by the heavy rainfalls in the Korean peninsula were class-sified to 6 typical patterns and synoptic characteristics of each pattern were muined. 274 cases of heavy rainfall events occurred for 10 years from 1981 through 1990 were used for thls study In the 4 types of them, heavy rainfalls are not by the strongly developed but by the rapidly deepening low pressure systems. which have a wall defiried low and high level jets before arrival to the Korean peninsula. In another 2 types, heavy rainfall are due to speciauy developed surface low pressure system. Most of the heavy rain areas are associated with the location of the low level Jets and their direction and with the position of surface warm front. In the 4 types, the heavy rain areas extend In zonal direction. And the latitudinal locations of these areas are associated with the polar low center or strong main trough over 500 hPa level. The more northwestern part of the Asla the low locates the higher latitude in the Korean Peninsula the rainfall concentration occurs at. It is also known that the seasonal drifting of the lows have some relations to the procession of summer monsoon but its characteristics change year by year.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2011

Mobile environments rapidly changing and digital convergence widely employed, mobile devices including smart phones have been playing a critical role that changes users' lifestyle in the areas of entertainments, businesses and information services. The various services using mobile devices are developing to meet the personal needs of users in the mobile environments. Especially, an LBS (Location-Based Service) is combined with other services and contents such as augmented reality, mobile SNS (Social Network Service), games, and searching, which can provide convenient and useful services to mobile users. In this paper, we design and implement the prototype of mobile personal assistant (PA) agents. Our personal assistant agent helps users do some tasks by hiding the complexity of difficult tasks, performing tasks on behalf of the users, and reflecting the preferences of users. To identify user's preferences and provide personalized services, clustering and classification algorithms of data mining are applied. The clusters of the log data using clustering algorithms are made by measuring the dissimilarity between two objects based on usage patterns. The classification algorithms produce user profiles within each cluster, which make it possible for PA agents to provide users with personalized services and contents. In the experiment, we measured the classification accuracy of user model clustered using clustering algorithms. It turned out that the classification accuracy using our method was increased by 17.42%, compared with that using other clustering algorithms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.140-152
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• 1998

Background: Prone position improves oxygenation in patients with ARDS probably by reducing shunt Reduction of shunt in prone position is thought to be effected by lowering of the critical opening pressure (COP) of the dorsal lung because the pleural pressure becomes less positive in prone position compared to supine position. It can then be assumed that prone position would bring about greater improvement in oxygenation when PEEP applied in supine position is just beneath COP than when PEEP is above COP. Hemodynamically, prone position is expected to attenuate the lifting of cardiac fossa induced by PEEP. Based on these backgrounds, we investigated whether the effect of prone position on oxygenation differs in magnitude according to the level of PEEP applied in supine position, and whether impaired cardiac output in supine position by PEEP can be restored in prone position. Methods: In seven mongrel dogs, $PaO_2/F_1O_2$(P/F) was measured in supine position and at prone position 30 min. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulse rate (PR), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured in supine position, at prone position 5 min, and at prone position 30 min. After ARDS was established with warmed saline lavage(P/F ratio $134{\pm}72$ mm Hg), inflection point was measured by constant flow method($6.6{\pm}1.4cm$ $H_2O$), and the above variables were measured in supine and prone positions under the application of Low PEEP($5.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$), and Optimal PEEP($9.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$)(2 cm $H_2O$ below and above the inflection point, respectively) consecutively. Results : P/F ratio in supine position was $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg at Low PEEP and $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg at Optimal PEEP(p=0.003). Net increase of P/F ratio at prone position 30 min, however, was far greater at Low PEEP($205{\pm}90$ mm Hg) than at Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg)(p=0.009). Compared to CO in supine position at Optimal PEEP($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min), CO in prone improved to $3.4{\pm}0.6$ L/min at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180) and $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180). Improvement in CO was attributable to the increase in SV: $14{\pm}2$ ml in supine position, $20{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180), and $21{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180), but not to change in PR or PAOP. When the dogs were turned to supine position again, MAP ($92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, p=0.009), CO ($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, p=0.0277) and SV ($14{\pm}1$ ml, p=0.0277) were all decreased compared to prone position 30 min. Conclusion: Prone position in a dog with saline-lavaged acute lung injury appeared to augment the effect of relatively low PEEP on oxygenation, and also attenuate the adverse hemodynamic effect of relatively high PEEP. These findings suggest that a PEEP lower than Optimal PEEP can be adopted in prone position to achieve the goal of alveolar recruitment in ARDS avoiding the hemodynamic complications of a higher PEEP at the same time.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2003

Methodology for calculating the organ equivalent doses and the effective doses of pediatric and adult patients undergoing medical X-ray examinations were established. The MIRD-type mathematical phantoms of 4 age groups were constructed with addition of the esophagus to the same phantoms. Two typical examination procedures, chest PA and abdomen AP, were simulated for the pediatric patients as well as the adult as illustrative examples. The results confirmed that patients pick up approximate 0.03 mSv of effective dose from a single chest PA examination, and 0.4 to 1.7 mSv from an abdomen AP examination depending on the ages. For dose calculations where irradiation is made with a limited field, the details of the position, size and shape of the organs and the organ depth from the entrance surface considerably affect the resulting doses. Therefore, it is important to optimize radiation protection by control of X-ray properties and beam examination field. The calculation result, provided in this study, can be used to implement optimization for medical radiation protection.